NOTES PERTAINING TO PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.
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Electronic
INTERNAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES/INDEXES NOTE
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Includes bibliographical references and index.
CONTENTS NOTE
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Power Delivery Systems -- T&D System's Mission -- Reliability of Power Delivery -- The "Natural Laws of T&D" -- Levels of the T&D System -- Utility Distribution Equipment -- T&D Costs -- Types of Distribution System Design -- The Systems Approach and Two-Q Planning -- Consumer Demand and Electric Load -- The Two Qs: Quantity and Quality of Power -- Quantity of Power Demand: Electric Load -- Electric Consumer Demand for Quality of Power -- The Market Comb and Consumer Values -- Two-Q Analysis: Quantity and Quality Versus Cost -- Electric Load, Coincidence, and Behavior -- Peak Load, Diversity, and Load Curve Behavior -- Measuring and Modeling Load Curves -- Power System Reliability -- Outages Cause Interruptions -- Reliability Indices -- Comparison of Reliability Indices Among Utilities -- Benchmarking Reliability -- Economics and Evaluation of Cost -- Costs -- Time Value of Money -- Variability of Costs -- Evaluation, Prioritization, and Approval -- Decisions and Commitments -- Evaluation, Comparison, Prioritization, and Approval -- Traditional Regulated Utility Least-Cost Planning -- The Benefit/Cost Ratio Paradigm -- Incremental Benefit/Cost Evaluation -- Profit-Based Planning Paradigms -- Equipment Ratings, Loadings, Lifetime, and Failure -- Capacity Ratings and Lifetime -- Aging, Deterioration, and Damage -- Measures to Improve Equipment Reliability and Life -- Equipment Failures and System Performance -- Equipment Failure Rate Increases with Age -- A Look at Failure and Age in a Utility System -- Load Reach and Volt-VAR Engineering -- Voltage Behavior on a Distribution System -- Load Reach and Distribution Capability -- Load Reach, the Systems Approach, and Current and Voltage Performance Optimization -- Managing Voltage Drop on Distribution Systems -- Volt-VAR Control and Correction -- Distributed Resources -- Managing Two-Q Demand on the Consumer Side -- Energy and Demand Management Methods -- Conservation Voltage Reduction -- Distributed Generation -- Electric Energy Storage Systems -- Distributed Resource Cost Evaluation -- Basic Line Segment and Transformer Sizing Economics -- Distribution Lines -- Transformers -- Basic Equipment Selection Economics -- Choosing the Right Set of Line and Equipment Sizes -- Using Economic Loading and Voltage Drop Well -- Economy and Performance of a Conductor Set -- Conductor Set Design: Fundamental Aspects -- Recommended Method for Conductor Set Design -- Standard Transformer Sets -- Distribution Feeder Layout -- The Feeder System -- Radial and Loop Feeder Layout -- Dual-Voltage Feeders -- Feeder Layout, Switching, and Reliability -- Designing Reliability into the Primary Feeder (MV) Level -- Feeder System Strength -- Contingency-Based Versus Reliability-Based Planning -- Contingency Support and Switching Design -- Protection and Sectionalization of the Feeder System -- Multi-Feeder Layout -- How Many Feeders in a Substation Service Area? -- Planning the Feeder System -- Planning for Load Growth -- Formulae for Estimating Feeder System Cost -- Distribution Substations -- High-Side Substation Equipment and Layout -- Transformer Portion of a Substation -- Low-Side Portion of a Substation -- The Substation Site -- Substation Costs, Capacity, and Reliability -- Substation Standardization -- Substation Planning and the Concept of "Transformer Units" -- Distribution System Layout -- The T&D System in Its Entirety -- Design Interrelationships -- Example of a System Dominated by Voltage Drop, Not Capacity -- Substation Siting and System Expansion Planning -- Substation Location, Capacity, and Service Area -- Substation Siting and Sizing Economics -- Substation-Level Planning: The Art -- Guidelines to Achieve Low Cost in Substation Siting and Sizing -- Substation-Level Planning: The Science -- Planning with Modular Substations -- Summary: The Most Important Point About Substation-Level Planning -- Service Level Layout and Planning -- The Service Level -- Types of Service Level Layout -- Load Dynamics, Coincidence, and Their Interaction with the Service Level -- Service-Level Planning and Layout -- High Reliability Service-Level Systems -- Planning Goals and Criteria -- Voltage and Customer Service Criteria and Guidelines -- Other Distribution Design and Operating Guidelines -- Load Ratings and Loading Guidelines -- Equipment and Design Criteria -- Reliability-Related Criteria and Their Use -- Reliability Metrics, Targets, and Criteria -- Practical Issues of Reliability-Based Criteria -- Approaches and Criteria for Targeted Reliability Planning -- Distribution Circuit Electrical Analysis -- Models, Algorithms, and Computer Programs -- Circuit Models -- Models of Electric Load -- Types of Electrical Behavior System Models -- Coincidence and Load Flow Interaction -- Distribution System Reliability Analysis Methods -- Contingency-Based Planning Methods -- Engineering Reliability Directly -- Analytical Distribution System Reliability Assessment -- Important Aspects of Reliability Assessment -- Reliability Simulation Studies and Financial Risk Assessment -- Automated Planning Tools and Methods -- Fast Ways to Find Good Alternatives -- Automated Feeder Planning Methods -- Substation-Level and Strategic Planning Tools -- Application of Planning Tools -- T&D Load Forecasting Methods -- Spatial Load Forecasting -- Load Growth Behavior -- Important Elements of a Spatial Forecast -- Trending Methods -- Simulation Methods for Spatial Load Forecasting -- Hybrid Trending-Simulation Methods -- Planning and the T&D Planning Process -- Goals, Priorities, and Direction -- Tactical Planning: Finding the Best Alternative -- Short- Versus Long-Range Planning -- Uncertainty and Multi-Scenario Planning -- The Power Delivery Planning Process -- Practical Aspects of T&D Load Forecasting -- The First Step in T&D Planning -- Weather Normalization and Design Criteria -- Selection of a Forecast Method -- Application of Spatial Forecast Methods -- Balancing Reliability and Spending -- Optimizing Reliability Cost Effectiveness -- CERI--A Practical Method to "Bootstrap" Reliability Improvement -- Required Tools and Resources for Reliability Planning -- "Equitableness" Issues in Reliability Optimization -- Approaches to Setting and Planning Reliability Targets -- Asset Management -- Objectivity, Bias, and Accuracy in Planning -- Objective Evaluation, Proponent Study, or Simply Poor Work? -- Ways that Bias Makes Its Way into a T&D Planning Study -- The "Rules" Used to Bias Planning Studies in an Unseen Manner -- Areas Where Bias or Mistakes Are Often Introduced into a Study -- Examples of Bogus, Proponent, and Masked Studies -- Guidelines for Detecting, Finding, and Evaluating Bias -- Summary and Conclusion: Forewarned is Forearmed -- Key Points, Guidelines, Recommendations -- On Distribution Systems -- On Utilities and Utility Practices -- On Planning Well.