Kyai Haji Fakih Usman (1904-68) was a leader of the Muhammadiyah modernist reformist Islamic social and educational movement in Indonesia from the mid-1920s until his death, and a politician of the Masyumi party from its foundation in 1945 until it was banned, in 1960. Fakih Usman was born in Gresik, East Java, and educated at Islamic boarding schools (pesantren s), but had no secular schooling. Following in his father's business, he became a successful textile and timber trader and shipbuilder by the mid-1920s. He joined the