The doctrine of emanation ( fayḍ) plays an important role in Arabic-Islamic philosophy, even though it was rejected, for different reasons, by theologians such as al-Ghazālī (d. 515/1111) and philosophers such as Ibn Rushd (Averroës, d. 595/1198). It is rooted in Greek philosophy and was transmitted to Arabic-speaking scholars during the translation of Greek works, especially those of Neoplatonic phil-osophy. In Greek philosophy, "emanation" is a metaphor, whose philosophical use, although attested in various contexts, from the Presocratics to the Stoics, becomes prominent only in