Astrology (ʿilm (or ṣināʿat) aḥkām al-nujūm , "the science (or art) of the judgements of the stars") has always held a significant position in Islamic society, in spite of frequent condemnation by both scientists and religious authorities. The astrologer (munajjim) learnt his art usually by apprenticeship, sometimes in an observatory. He had to be knowledgeable in arithmetic and astronomy, and the dust-board (takht, for calculating), the astrolabe, tables of planetary movement (zīj), and ephemeris (taqwīm) were his tools of trade. He could be found practising in the streets or