Astarābādh (modern Gurgan), historically a province as well as a town, is located in what the ancient Greeks called Hyrcania, adjacent to the Persian province of Māzandarān. The city, some thirty kilometres east of the Caspian Sea, has origins going back to Achaemenid times (550-330 B.C.E.). Sparsely mentioned in the classical Islamic sources, Astarābādh comes to life in sources from the Ṣafavid period (907-1135/1501-1722). Herbert estimated the number of households in the early eleventh/seventeenth century at about two thousand, which would imply about