ارزیابی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در کشت دوم آفتابگردان در منطقة ورامین
/عزت الله اسفندیاری
تبریز: دانشگاه تبریز
۱۰۱ ص، جدول، نمودار، عکس، لوح فشرده
چاپی
واژه نامه
کتابنامه ص.: ۹۰-۹۷
کارشناسی ارشد
مهندسی کشاورزی-زراعت
۱۳۸۱/۱۱/۲۵
تبریز: دانشگاه تبریز
به منظور دستیابی به مناسبترین رقم و یا ارقامی از آفتابگردان به عنوان کشت دوم در منطقة ورامین از لحاظ عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، آزمایشی در سال زراعی۱۳۸۰ - ۸۱در اراضی تحقیقاتی دانشکدة کشاورزی ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران، قزلاق، به اجرا درآمد، ۹ رقم مورد آزمایش در سه گروه رسیدگی عبارت بودند زاریا، چرنیانکا، هیبرید۲۵ ، هیبرید۳۳ ، گلشید، آرماویرسکی، گابور، پروگرس و رکورد که در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.تجزیه واریانس صفات مورد بررسی و شاخصهای رشد در مراحل مختلف رشدی با تکیه به تأثیر بلوکبندی نشان داد که در این آزمایش شرایط یکنواخت محیطی و زراعی برای تیمارهای مختلف حاکم بوده است.در این مطالعه روند تغییرات صفاتی مانند شاخص سطح برگ، ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن خشک بوته، نسبت سطح برگ، دوام سطح برگ، CGR و RGR بررسی شدند و پس از تجزیه واریانس، مقایسه میانگین صفات در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیکی ارقام مورد آزمایش انجام داده شد .ارتباط نزدیک هر یک ازصفات با درجه - روزهای رشد باعث گردید که روند تغییرات بر اساس درجه - روزهای رشد مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد .صفات ارتفاع بوته و قطر ساقه با درجه - روزهای رشد رابطة خطی، وزن خشک ساقه و وزن خشک بوته رابطة پلی نومینال و شاخص سطح برگ ، نسبت سطح برگ و دوام سطح برگ دارای رابطة نمایی بودندمچنین برخی از صفات زراعی مانند تا ۵۰ درصد گلدهی ، تا ۵۰ درصد رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک طول دورة رشد، درصد پوکی دانه، تعداد دانههای پر در طبق، قطر پانیکول، وزن صددانه و عملکرد نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند .در تجزیه واریانس این صفات نیز اثرات بلوکبندی معنیدار نبوده و مقایسه میانگین صفات با آزمون چند دامنهای دانکن در سطح احتمال۵ درصد انجام گردید.مقایسات اورتوگنال برای صفات تا ۵۰ درصد گلدهی، تا ۵۰ درصد رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک ، طول دورة رشد، قطر طبق ،تعداد دانه پر در طبق ،درصد پوکی دانه، وزن صد دانه، و عملکرد در حالات اختلاف بین ارقام زودرس با ارقام متوسط رس و دیررس و نیز اختلاف بین هیبرید با تجارتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت .در حالت اول، ارقام تنها از نظر تا ۵۰ درصد گلدهی و طول دورة رشد با هم اختلاف معنیدار داشتند .در عملکرد، به عنوان مهمترین صفت مورد مطالعه اختلافی دیده نشد .در حالت دوم، ارقام از نظر تا ۵۰ درصد رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک، طول دورة رشد و درصد پوکی دانه تفاوت معنیداری در سطح احتمال ۱/۰ و۵ درصد نشان دادند .در سایر صفات تفاوتی ملاحظه نشد
Wheat is one of the most important crops in Iran with major production in dry-land farming. Drought stress is one of the main factors of wheat performance reduction in arid and semi arid regions. In the present experiment 5 cultivars of Azar2, Sabalan, Sardari, Alvand and Zarin (three former cultivars are in widespread production in non-irrigated region of East Azarbaijan) were evaluated in greenhouse and filed conditions. Under controlled experiments, wheat cultivars were grown under hydroponic system. 4-5 leaf bearing plants were incubated under drought conditions with control, 4, 8 and 12 bars of PEG8000 for 10 days. Mean comparison for ascorbat and glutathione showed that in all cultivars increase in osmotic stress was concomitant with decrease in GSH/GSH+GSSG and ASC/ASC+DHA leading to tolerance to oxidative stress. However, in Azar2 and Sabalan pool size of these antioxidants increased with promoting osmotic stress.The results showed that there was a negative relationship between antioxidants activity, antioxidant enzymes and membrane damage. Furthermore, successful ROS scavenging is dependent on cooperative activity of diverse enzymes, and activity reduction of any of key enzymes would be a potential to plant cell damage. Moreover, the results showed that antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione have direct ROS scavenging potential. This criterion logically demonstrates the paradox of un-damaged membranes under low activity of a key enzyme such as SOD in Azar2 cultivar. In Azar2, Sabalan and Sardari, GR activity was not a limiting factor as well, because, as a general rule, increased osmotic stress levels invariably accompanied higher activity of this enzyme.Maximum electron transport efficiency of photosystem II for wheat cultivars was constant for all osmotic stress levels. This result was proved with constant ratio of chlorophyll a/b, and increase in carotenoid and praline amounts. This is due to this fact that, carotenoids have high activity in xanthophyll cycle and prevents ROS production. Furthermore, ROS scavenging activity system in chloroplast is not a limiting factor. For this reason, in these cultivars, other ROS producing organelles are their weak-point. In total, the results obtained from seedling stage experiments showed that Alvand, Sardari and Zarin were sensitive to PEG8000derived osmotic stress. Meanwhile, Azar2 and Sabalan had higher tolerance to osmotic stress due to their physiological and biochemical characteristics. The results obtained from the analysis of wheat plant characteristics showed that biological and economical yield of main stem and wheat tillers was declined under drought stress. Meanwhile, reduction in tillers was greater than that of main stems. So that under drought stress biological and economical yields of main stems was higher than that of minor tillers and these organs had efficient share in total yield.The results obviously indicate the relationship between the plant weakness under drought stress and yield loss. Therefore, first tillers yield comprised about 10-15 of economical yield of total plant. But other tillers had minor role in plant yield and only had promotive effects on biological yield and plant debrises. Drought stress had promotive effects on physiological ripening of studied cultivars by shortening of grain filling period, because optimum vegetative growth of cultivars have been occurred under suitable water conditions. Furthermore, non-irrigation conditions, plant height was decreased in flag leaf emergence stage due to the peduncle length reduction. In this stage peduncle is not in full length, and concomitant with reduced growth, assimilates stream to the spikes. The results showed that dependent on the environmental conditions, plants send assimilates to different definite destinations. However, under stress conditions, these metabolites take way to organs involved in grain production and economical yield. Furthermore, under drought stress conditions source limitation led to yield loss in studied wheat cultivars. Sardari cultivar had same yields under normal and stress conditions and this trend shows source limitation in this cultivar. Drought stress in both phonological stages increased unfertilized spiklet numbers. This phenomenon shows the reduced photoasimilation production or emberyo abortion due to the low nutrients arability. This result also strengthens the source limitation under drought stress conditions.Unaffected electron transport efficiency under drought stress conditions in wheat plants completely reflects the plant anatomical structure effects on the induction of tolerance to environmental stresses. Wheat plants respond to these extreme conditions especially high light conditions with lead rolling, changing leaf angle related to stem and shifting leaf color from green to silver and hence preserve thylakoids from significant damage. Sardari cultivar had the highest yield stability under different stress levels. Meanwhile in Azar2, Alvand and Sabalan cultivars, irrigation stop time had no effect on yield.