Toward a comparative study of Islamization -- Conversion under Muslim domination : a comparative study -- Conversion to Islam in Syria and Palestine, and the survival of Christian communities -- Aspects of Islamization : Weber's observations on Islam reconsidered -- Islam in the Bilad al-Sudan to 1800 -- Arab geographers, the Nile, and the history of Bilad al-Sudan -- Islam in African and global contexts : adventures in comparative studies of Islam -- The Almoravids in the Sahara and Bilad al-Sudan : a study in Arab historiography -- Slavery and slave trade in the early states of Bilad al-Sudan -- Religious reform in eighteenth-century Morocco (with Gideon Weigert) -- Eighteenth century Sufi brotherhoods : structural, organisational and ritual changes -- The Muslim holy cities as foci of Islamic revivalism in the eighteenth century (with Gideon Weigert) -- The dynamics of Sufi brotherhoods -- Resurgent Islamic fundamentalism as an integrative factor in the politics of Africa and the Middle East -- The role of Shariضa-oriented Sufi oTuruq in the renewal and reform movements of the 18th and 19th centuries.