Aesthetics , that is, theory and concepts of beauty, can be analysed, with respect to classical Arab-Muslim culture, from many perspectives and with reference to a wide range of texts, including religious, philosophical, and belles-lettres from the classical period, alongside modern studies. The physical testimony of the visual arts and material culture also suggest underlying aesthetic values. Arab Muslims of the mediaeval world, like their European contemporaries, did not articulate abstract concepts of the visual arts, but instead they dealt with various ideas of beauty and aesthetics as they