An external perspective on organizations -- Organization and social context defined -- Social control of organizations -- The organizational environment and how it is known -- Managing organizational demands: adaptation and avoidance -- Altering organizational interdependence: controlling -- The negotiated environment: establishing collective -- The created environment: controlling interdependence -- Executive succession: a mechanism for environmental effects -- The design and management of externally controlled organizations.
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This work explores how external constraints affect organizations and provides insights for designing and managing organizations to mitigate these constraints. All organizations are dependent on the environment for their survival.