عنوان

An introduction to brain and behavior

071677691X

1429253746

9780716776918

9781429253741

b603514

An introduction to brain and behavior

[Book]

Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw.

3rd ed

New York, NY

Worth Publishers

2011

1 volume (various pagings) : color illustrations ; 29 cm

How Do We Study The Brain's Structure And Functions?: --; Research Focus 6-1: Stimulating the brain into action --; Measuring brain and behavior: --; Linking neuroanatomy and behavior --; Methods of behavioral neuroscience --; Manipulating and measuring brain-behavior interactions --; Measuring the brain's electrical activity: --; EEG recordings of graded potentials --; Mapping brain function with event-related potentials --; Magnetoencephalography --; Recording action potentials from single cells --; Clinical Focus 6-2: Mild head injury and depression --; Static imaging techniques: CT and MRI --; Dynamic brain imaging: --; Functional magnetic resonance imaging --; Positron emission tomography --; Optical tomography --; Chemical and genetic measures of brain and behavior: --; Measuring the brain's chemistry --; Measuring genes in brain and behavior --; Clinical Focus 6-3: Cannabis use, psychosis, genetics --; Epigenetics --; Using animals in brain-behavior research: --; Benefits of creating animal models of disease --; Animal welfare and scientific experimentation --; Research Focus 6-4: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Does The Nervous System Develop And Adapt?: --; Research Focus 7-1: Linking serotonin to SIDS --; Three perspectives on brain development: --; Predicting behavior from brain structure --; Correlating brain structure and behavior --; Influences on brain and behavior --; Neurobiology of development: --; Gross development of the human nervous system --; Origins of neurons and glia --; Growth and development of neurons --; Clinical Focus 7-2: Cerebral palsy --; Glial development --; Correlating behavior with nervous-system development: --; Motor behaviors --; Language development --; Development of problem-solving ability --; Caution about linking correlation to causation --; Brain development and the environment: --; Experience and cortical organization --; Experience and neural connectivity --; Research Focus 7-3: Increased cortical activation for second languages --; Critical periods for experience and brain development --; Abnormal experience and brain development --; Clinical Focus 7-4: Romanian orphans --; Hormones and brain development --; Injury and brain development --; Drugs and brain development --; Other kinds of abnormal brain development --; Developmental disability --; Clinical Focus 7-5: Schizophrenia --; How do any of us develop a normal brain? --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Do Drugs And Hormones Influence The Brain And Behavior?: --; Clinical Focus 8-1: Addiction --; Principles of psychopharmacology: --; Drug routes into the nervous system --; Drug action at synapses: agonists and antagonists --; Acetylcholine synapse: examples of drug action --; Tolerance --; Sensitization --; Classification of psychoactive drugs: --; Class I: Antianxiety agents and sedative hypnotics --; Clinical Focus 8-2: Fetal alcohol syndrome --; Class II: Antipsychotic agents --; Class III: Antidepressants --; Class IV: Mood stabilizers --; Clinical Focus 8-3: Major depression --; Class V: Opioid analgesics --; Class VI: Psychomotor stimulants --; Class VII: Psychedelic and hallucinogenic stimulants --; Factors influencing individual responses to drugs: --; Behavior on drugs --; Addiction and dependence --; Sex differences in addiction --; Explaining and treating drug abuse: --; Wanting-and-liking theory --; Why doesn't everyone abuse drugs? --; Treating drug abuse --; Can drugs cause brain damage? --; Clinical Focus 8-4: Drug-induced psychosis --; Hormones: --; Hierachical control of hormones --; Classes and functions of hormones --; Homeostatic hormones --; Gonadal hormones --; Anabolic-androgenic steroids --; Stress hormones --; Ending a stress response --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Do We Sense, Perceive, And See The World?: --; Clinical Focus 9-1: Migraines and a case of blindsight --; Nature of sensation and perception: --; Sensory receptors --; Neural relays --; Sensory coding and representation --; Perception --; Functional anatomy of the visual system: --; Structure of the retina --; Basics: Visible light and the structure of the eye --; Photoreceptors --; Clinical Focus 9-2: Visual illuminance --; Retinal-neuron types --; Visual pathways --; Dorsal and ventral visual streams --; Location in the visual world: --; Coding location in the retina --; Location in the lateral geniculate nucleus and cortical region V1 --; Visual corpus callosum --; Neuronal activity: --; Seeing shape --; Seeing color --; Research Focus 9-3: Color-deficient vision --; Neural activity in the dorsal stream --; Visual brain in action: --; Injury to the visual pathway leading to the cortex --; Injury to the "what" pathway --; Injury to the "how" pathway --; Clinical Focus 9-4: Carbon monoxide poisoning --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Do We Hear, Speak, And Make Music?: --; Research Focus 10-1: Evolution of language and music --; Sound waves: stimulus for audition: --; Physical properties of sound waves --; Perception of sound --; Properties of language and music as sounds --; Functional anatomy of the auditory system: --; Structure of the ear --; Auditory receptors --; Pathways to the auditory cortex --; Auditory cortex --; Neural activity and hearing: --; Hearing pitch --; Detecting loudness --; Detecting location --; Detecting patterns in sound --; Anatomy of language and music: --; Processing language --; Research Focus 10-2: Distinct cortical areas for second languages --; Clinical Focus 10-3: Left-hemisphere dysfunction --; Clinical Focus 10-4: Arteriovenous malformations --; Processing music --; Clinical Focus 10-5: Cerebral aneurysms --; Research Focus 10-6: Brain's music system --; Auditory communication in nonhuman species: --; Birdsong --; Echolocation in bats --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Does The Nervous System Respond To Stimulation And Produce Movement?: --; Research Focus 11-1: Brain-computer interface --; Hierarchical control of movement: --; Forebrain and initiation of movement --; Brainstem and species-typical movement --; Spinal cord and executing movement --; Clinical Focus 11-2: Autism spectrum disorder --; Clinical Focus 11-3: Spinal-cord injury --; Organization of the motor system: --; Motor cortex --; Corticospinal tracts --; Motor neurons --; Control of muscles --; Motor cortex and skilled movement: --; Control of skilled movement in nonhuman species --; How motor-cortex damage affects skilled movement --; Basal ganglia and the cerebellum: --; Basal ganglia and movement force --; Clinical Focus 11-4: Tourette's syndrome --; Cerebellum and movement skill --; Organization of the somatosensory system: --; Somatosensory receptors and perception --; Dorsal-root ganglion neurons --; Somatosensory pathways to the brain --; Spinal reflexes --; Feeling and treating pain --; Research Focus 11-5: Phantom limb pain --; Vestibular system and balance --; Exploring the somatosensory cortex: --; Somatosensory homunculus --; Effects of damage to the somatosensory cortex --; Research Focus 11-6: Tickling --; Somatosensory cortex and complex movement --; Summary --; Key terms.

Preface --; What Are The Origins Of Brain And Behavior?: --; Clinical Focus 1-1: Living with brain injury --; Neuroscience in the twenty-first century: --; Why study brain and behavior? --; What is the brain? --; Research Focus 1-2: Recovering consciousness --; Gross anatomy of the nervous system --; What is behavior? --; Perspectives on brain and behavior: --; Aristotle and mentalism --; Descartes and dualism --; Comparative Focus 1-3: Speaking brain --; Darwin and materialism --; Evolution of brain and behavior: --; Origin of brain cells and brains --; Classification of life --; Evolution of animals having nervous systems --; Chordate nervous system --; Evolution of the human brain and behavior: --; Humans: members of the primate order --; Australopithecus: our distant ancestor --; First humans --; Relating brain size and behavior --; Climate and the enlarging hominid brain --; Why the hominid brain enlarged --; Modern human brain size and intelligence: --; Fallacies of human brain-size comparisons --; Culture --; Comparative Focus 1-4: Evolution and adaptive behavior --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Does The Nervous System Function?: --; Research Focus 2-1: Brain size and human behavior --; Overview of brain function and structure: --; Plastic patterns of neural organization --; Functional organization of the nervous system --; Brain's surface features --; Basics: Finding your way around the brain --; Clinical Focus 2-2: Meningitis and encephalitis --; Brain's internal features --; Clinical Focus 2-3: Stroke --; Evolutionary development of the nervous system --; Central nervous system: mediating behavior --; Spinal cord --; Brainstem --; Forebrain --; Somatic nervous system: transmitting information: --; Cranial nerves --; Spinal nerves --; Clinical Focus 2-4: Magendie, Bell, and Bell's palsy --; Autonomic nervous system: balancing internal functions --; Ten principles of nervous-system function: --; Principle 1: Nervous system's function is to produce movement within a perceptual world created by the brain --; Principle 2: Details of nervous-system functioning are constantly changing, an attribute called neuroplasticity --; Principle 3: Many of the brain's circuits are crossed --; Principle 4: Central nervous system functions on multiple levels --; Principle 5: Brain is both symmetrical and asymmetrical --; Principle 6: Brain systems are organized both hierarchically and in parallel --; Principle 7: Sensory and motor divisions exist throughout the nervous system --; Principle 8: Sensory input to the brain is divided for object recognition and motor control --; Principle 9: Functions in the brain are both localized and distributed --; Principle 10: Nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition --; Summary --; Key terms --; What Are The Units Of Nervous-System Function?: --; Research Focus 3-1: Programming behavior --; Cells of the nervous system: --; Neurons: basis of information processing --; Five types of glial cells --; Clinical Focus 3-2: Brain tumors --; Clinical Focus 3-3: Multiple sclerosis --; Basics: Chemistry review --; Internal structure of a cell: --; Cell as a factory --; Cell membrane: barrier and gatekeeper --; Nucleus: site of gene transcription --; Endoplasmic reticulum: site of RNA synthesis --; Proteins: cell's product --; Golgi bodies and microtubules: protein packaging and shipment --; Crossing the cell membrane: channels, gates, and pumps --; Genes, cells, and behavior: --; Chromosomes and genes --; Genotype and phenotype --; Dominant and recessive alleles --; Genetic mutations --; Mendel's principles apply to genetic disorders --; Clinical Focus 3-4: Huntington's chorea --; Chromosome abnormalities --; Genetic engineering --; Research Focus 3-5: Brainbow: rainbow neurons --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Do Neurons Transmit Information?: --; Clinical Focus 4-1: Epilepsy --; Searching for electrical activity in the nervous system: --; Early clues that linked electricity and neural activity --; Basics: Electricity and electrical stimulation --; Tools for measuring a neuron's electrical activity --; How the movement of ions creates electrical charges --; Electrical activity of a membrane: --; Resting potential --; Graded potentials --; Action potential --; Research Focus 4-2: Light-sensitive ion channels --; Nerve impulse --; Saltatory conduction and myelin sheaths --; How neurons integrate information: --; Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials --; Clinical Focus 4-3: Myasthenia Gravis --; Summation of inputs --; Voltage-sensitive channels and the action potential --; Into the nervous system and back out: --; How sensory stimuli produce action potentials --; How nerve impulses produce movement --; Clinical Focus 4-4: Lou Gehrig's disease --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Do Neurons Communicate And Adapt?: --; Research Focus 5-1: Basis of neural communication in a heartbeat --; Chemical message: --; Structure of synapses --; Clinical Focus 5-2: Parkinson's disease --; Neurotransmission in four steps --; Varieties of synapses --; Excitatory and inhibitory messages --; Evolution of complex neurotransmission systems --; Varieties of neurotransmitters: --; Four criteria for identifying neurotransmitters --; Three classes of neurotransmitters --; Clinical Focus 5-3: Awakening with L-Dopa --; Two classes of receptors --; Neurotransmitter systems and behavior: --; Neurotransmission in the somatic nervous system --; Two activating systems of the autonomic nervous system --; Four activating systems in the central nervous system --; Clinical Focus 5-4: Case of the frozen addict --; Role of synapses in three kinds of learning and in memory: --; Habituation response --; Sensitization response --; Long-term potentiation and associative learning --; Learning as a change in synapse number --; Research Focus 5-5: Dendritic spines, small but mighty --; Summary --; Key terms.

What Causes Emotional And Motivated Behavior?: --; Research Focus 12-1: Pain of rejection --; Identifying the causes of behavior: --; Behavior for brain maintenance --; Drives and behavior --; Neural circuits and behavior --; Nature of behavior: why cats kill birds --; Biology, evolution, and environment: --; Evolutionary influences on behavior --; Chemical senses --; Environmental influences on behavior --; Inferring purpose in behavior: to know a fly --; Neuroanatomy of motivated behavior: --; Regulatory and nonregulatory behavior --; Regulatory function of the hypothalamic circuit --; Organizing function of the limbic circuit --; Executive function of the frontal lobes --; Clinical Focus 12-2: Agenesis of the frontal lobe --; Stimulating emotion: --; Explanations for emotion --; Amygdala and emotional behavior --; Prefrontal cortex and emotional behavior --; Emotional disorders --; Clinical Focus 12-3: Anxiety disorders --; Control of regulatory behavior: --; Controlling eating --; Clinical Focus 12-4: Weight-loss strategies --; Controlling drinking --; Control of nonregulatory behavior: --; Effects of sex hormones on the brain --; Clinical Focus 12-5: Androgen-insensitivity syndrome and the androgenital syndrome --; Hypothalamus, the amygdala, and sexual behavior --; Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and brain organization --; Cognitive influences on sexual behavior --; Reward --Summary --; Key terms --; Why Do We Sleep And Dream?: --; Comparative Focus 13-1: Variety of biological rhythms --; Clock for all seasons: --; Origins of biological rhythms --; Biological clocks --; Biological rhythms --; Free-running rhythms --; Zeitgebers --; Clinical Focus 13-2: Seasonal affective disorder --; Neural basis of the biological clock: --; Suprachiasmatic rhythms --; Dual clocks --; Immortal time --; What ticks? --; Pacemaking circadian rhythms --; Pacemaking circannual rhythms --; Research Focus 13-3: Synchronizing biorhythms at the molecular level --; Sleep stages and dreaming: --; Measuring how long we sleep --; Measuring sleep in the laboratory --; Stages of waking and sleeping --; Typical night's sleep --; NREM sleep and REM sleep --; Clinical Focus 13-4: Restless legs syndrome --; Dreaming --; What we dream about --; What does sleep accomplish?: --; Sleep as a passive process --; Sleep as a biological adaptation --; Sleep as a restorative process --; Sleep and memory storage --; Neural bases of sleep: --; Reticular activating system and sleep --; Neural basis of EEG changes associated with waking --; Neural basis of REM sleep --; Sleep disorders: --; Disorders of non-REM sleep --; Disorders of REM sleep --; Clinical Focus 13-5: Sleep apnea --; What does sleep tell us about consciousness? --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Do We Learn And Remember?: --; Clinical Focus 14-1: Remediating dyslexia --; Connecting learning and memory: --; Studying learning and memory in the laboratory --; Two categories of memory --; What makes explicit and implicit memory different? --; What is special about personal memories? --; Dissociating memory circuits: --; Disconnecting explicit memory --; Clinical Focus 14-2: Patient Boswell's amnesia --; Disconnecting implicit memory --; Neural systems underlying explicit and implicit memories: --; Neural circuit for explicit memories --; Clinical Focus 14-3: Alzheimer's disease --; Clinical Focus 14-4: Korsakoff's syndrome --; Neural circuit for implicit memories --; Neural circuit for emotional memories --; Structural basis of brain plasticity: --; Measuring synaptic change --; Enriched experience and plasticity --; Sensory or motor training and plasticity --; Plasticity, hormones, trophic factors, and drugs --; Research Focus 14-5: Movement, learning, and neuroplasticity --; Some guiding principles of brain plasticity --; Recovery from brain injury: --; Donna's experience with traumatic brain injury --; Three-legged cat solution --; New-circuit solution --; Lost-neuron-replacement solution --; Summary --; Key terms --; How Does The Brain Think?: --; Comparative Focus 15-1: Animal intelligence --; Nature of thought: --; Characteristics of human thought --; Neural unit of thought --; Cognition and the association cortex: --; Knowledge about objects --; Multisensory integration --; Spatial cognition --; Attention --; Planning --; Imitation and understanding --; Research Focus 15-2: Consequences of mirror-neuron dysfunction --; Cognitive neuroscience --; Clinical Focus 15-3: Neuropsychological assessment --; Cerebral asymmetry in thinking: --; Anatomical asymmetry --; Functional asymmetry in neurological patients --; Functional asymmetry in the normal brain --; Split brain --; Explaining cerebral asymmetry --; Left hemisphere, language, and thought --; Variations in cognitive organization: --; Sex differences in cognitive organization --; Handedness and cognitive organization --; Clinical Focus 15-4: Sodium amobarbital test --; Synesthesia --; Clinical Focus 15-5: Case of synesthesia --; Intelligence: --; Concept of general intelligence --; Multiple intelligences --; Divergent and convergent intelligence --; Intelligence, heredity, environment, and the synapse --; Consciousness: --; Why are we conscious? --; What is the neural basis of consciousness? --; Summary --; Key terms --; What Happens When The Brain Misbehaves?: --; Research Focus 16-1: Posttraumatic stress disorder --; Multidisciplinary research on brain and behavioral disorders: --; Causes of abnormal behavior --; Investigating the neurobiology of behavioral disorders --; Classifying and treating brain and behavioral disorders: --; Identifying and classifying behavioral disorders --; Treatments for disorders --; Research Focus 16-2: Treating behavioral disorders with TMS --; Understanding and treating neurological disorders: --; Traumatic brain injury --; Stroke --; Epilepsy --; Multiple sclerosis --; Neurodegenerative disorders --; Are Parkinson's and Alzheimer's aspects of one disease? --; Age-related cognitive loss --; Understanding and treating behavioral disorders: --; Psychotic disorders --; Mood disorders --; Research Focus 16-3: Antidepressant action in neurogenesis --; Anxiety disorders --; Is misbehavior always bad? --; Summary --; Key terms --; Glossary --; References --; Name index --; Subject index.

Overview: Physiological psychology explores questions that utterly captivate students, but the wealth and complexity of the information can be daunting. When it comes to making this field clearer and relevant to uninitiated students, no introductory text can match Kolb and Whishaw's An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. Kolb and Whishaw's distinctive approach to contemporary brain science engages students by answering the basic questions about the interplay between brain and behavior-answers that incorporate the latest clinical and technological developments in research with fascinating case studies creating an accessible, engaging, student-friendly textbook. Now focused more than ever on new technologies used to research the brain and behavior, and featuring new study tools, new art, and new media support, An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, Third Edition is the most exciting edition yet of this extraordinary text.

Brain -- Textbooks.

Human behavior -- Physiological aspects -- Textbooks.

Neurophysiology -- Textbooks.

Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw.

Bryan Kolb

Ian Q Whishaw

[Book]

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