عنوان

Sialic acids :

3709186803

9783709186800

b587654

Sialic acids :

[Book]

chemistry, metabolism, and function.

[Place of publication not identified]

Springer Verlag Gmbh

2013

A. Introduction.- B. Occurrence of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. Viruses.- III. Bacteria.- IV. Fungi, Algae, and Plants.- V.Protozoa.- VI. Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Nemertinea, Ctenophora, andCoelenterata.- VII. Sipuncula, Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca.- VIII. Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Chaetognatha, and Echinodermata.- IX. Hemichordata, Urochordata, and Cephalochordata.- X.Vertebrata.- 1. Pisces 13.- 2. Amphibia.- 3. Reptilia.- 4. Aves.- 5. Mammalia.- a) Introduction.- b) Oligosaccharides.- ?) Milk and Colostrum.- ?) Urine.- ?) Nucleotide Sugars.- c) Glycoproteins.- ?) Serum.- ?) Epithelial or Mucus Glycoproteins.- ?) Membrane Glycoproteins.- ?) Brain Glycoproteins.- ?) Milk, Colostrum and Urine Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides.- ?) Hormone and Enzyme Glycoproteins.- ?) Lipoproteins.- ?) Miscellaneous.- d) Gangliosides.- XI. The Nature of Sialic Acids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Free Sialic Acids.- 3. Glycosidically Linked Sialic Acids.- a) The Type of Sialic Acid.- b) Sialyloligosaccharide Structural Considerations.- ?) Terminal Linear Position.- ?) Terminal "Side-Chain Position".- ?) Internal Sialic Acids in OUgosialylglycoconjugates and Sialylpoly- saccharides.- ?) Internal Sialic Acids in the Echinodermata.- XII. Evolution of the Sialic Acids.- Biblography.- C. Isolation and Purification of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. Acid Hydrolysis.- III. Enzymic Hydrolysis.- IV. Lipid Extraction.- V. Ion-Exchange Chromatography.- VI. Cellulose Chromatography.- VII. Crystallization.- VIII. Other Methods.- D. Synthesis of Sialic Acids and Sialic Acid Derivatives.- I.Introduction.- II. Glycosides of Sialic Acids.- III. Sialodisaccharides.- IV. 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acylneuraminic Acids.- V. Methylated Sialic Acids.- VI. Isotopically Labelled Sialic Acids.- VII. Substrates for Sialidase Investigations.- VIII. C7- and C8-Analogues of Sialic Acids.- IX. Miscellaneous Sialic Acids and Sialic Acid Derivatives.- E. Colorimetry and Thin-Layer Chromatography of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. Colorimetry and Fluorimetry.- 1. Diphenol Reagent Assays.- a) Orcinol.- b) Resorcinol.- ?) Resorcinol/Cu2+ Assay.- ?) Periodate/Resorcinol/Cu2+ Assay.- 2. Periodic Acid/Thiobarbituric Acid Assays.- a) The Warren and Aminoff Methods.- b) Interference.- 3. Periodic Acid/Methyl-3-Benzothiazolinone-2-Hydrazone Method.- 4. Fluorimetrie Assays.- 5. Enzymic Assays.- 6. O-Acyl Group Assay.- 7. Automatic Procedures.- 8. High Performance Liquid Chromatography.- 9. Other Methods.- 10. Quantitative Problems in Sialic Acid Release.- III. Thin-Layer Chromatography.- 1. Chromatographic Systems.- 2. Visualization.- 3. Two-Dimensional Techniques.- a) Individual Sialic Acid Determination.- b) 0-Acyl Group Identification.- c) Sialic Acid Identification in Oligosaccharides.- 4. Paper Chromatography.- F. Gas-Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. Gas-Liquid Chromatography.- 1. Quantitative Sugar Analysis, Including Sialic Acid.- 2. Hydrolytic Release of Sialic Acids from Sialobiopolymers.- 3. Preparation and Analysis of Trimethylsilylated N,0-AcyNeuraminic Acid Methyl Esters.- 4. Preparation and Analysis of Pertrimethylsilylated N,0-Acylneuraminic Acids.- 5. Analysis of Acetyl and/or Glycolyl Residues of Sialic Acid.- III. Gas-Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Mass Spectrometric Identification Procedure.- 2. Analysis of (0-Acylated) N-Acylneuraminic Acids Isolated from Biological Material.- 3. Sialic Acids and Methylation Analysis.- 4. Miscellaneous Sialic Acids and Sialic Acid Derivatives.- 5. Quantitative Analysis of Sialic Acids by g.l.c./m.s.- 6. Sialooligosaccharides, Sialoglycolipids, and Sialoglycopeptides.- G. NMR Spectroscopy of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. 1H-NMR Spectroscopy.- 1. N-Acetyl- and N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid.- 2. O-Acetylated Neuraminic Acid Derivatives.- 3. Analysis of Sialic Acid Linkage Types in Glycoconjugates.- a) The Anomeric Configuration of Sialic Acid.- b) Sialic Acid in Carbohydrate Chains of the N-Acetyllactosamine Type.- c) Sialic Acid in 0-Glycosidically Linked Carbohydrate Chains.- d) CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid and Degradation Products.- 4. Enzymic and Chemical Conversions.- 5. Complexes of Sialic Acids with Ca2+.- III. 13C-NMR Spectroscopy.- 1. N-Acetyl- and Glycolylneuraminic Acid.- 2. O-Acetylated Neuraminic Acid Derivatives.- 3. Polysaccharides.- 4. Esterified Polysaccharides.- 5. CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid and 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic Acid.- 6. Complexes of Sialic Acids with Ca2+.- 7. 13C-Relaxation Studies on Sialic Acids and Sialyllactoses.- IV. Analytical Procedures.- 1. Instrumentation.- 2. Solutions.- H. Histochemistry of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. Histochemical Identification of Sialic Acids.- 1. General.- 2. Methods Based upon Staining with Cationic Dyes.- a) Staining at Different pH's.- b) Removal of Specific Components Contributing to the Staining.- ?) Use of Enzymatic Procedures.- ?) Use of Chemical Procedures.- i) Acid Hydrolysis.- ii) Methylation.- c) Inhibition of Staining with Alcian Blue in the Presence of Varying Concentrations of Inorganic Salts (C.E.C. Methods).- 3. Methods Based upon the Use of Periodate Oxidation.- a) The PAS Reaction.- b) The Periodic Acid/Phenylhydrazine/Schiff (PAPS) Procedure.- c) The Use of Very Dilute Periodic Acid.- d) Identification of Side Chain O-Acylated Sialic Acid.- ?) PBT/KOH/PAS Technique.- ?) PAT/KOH/PAS Procedure.- ?) 9-0-Acyl Sialic Acids.- 4. Methods Based upon the Use of Lectins.- III. Staining and Control Procedures.- 1. Fixation and Processing.- 2. PAS Technique.- 3. PBT/KOH/PAS Technique.- 4. PAT/KOH/PAS Technique.- 5. High Iron Diamine/Alcian Blue Method.- 6. Alcian Blue (pH 2.5).- 7. Alcian Blue (pH 1.0).- 8. Neuraminidase Digestion.- 9. Acid Hydrolysis.- BibHography.- I. Metabolism of Sialic Acids.- I. Introduction.- II. De novo Biosynthesis of Sialic Acids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. From Glucose to UDP-N-Acetylhexosamine.- 3. Formation of NeuSAc.- 4. Activation and Modification of Neu5Ac.- III. Sialyltransfer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sialyltransfer in Cells and Cell-Free Systems: Cellular Location.- a) Intact Cells.- ?) N-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharide Chains.- ?) O-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharides (Ser/Thr-GalNAc Type).- ?) Glycolipids (Gangliosides).- ?) Membrane Glycoconjugates.- b) Cell-Free Systems.- ?) N-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharide Chains.- ?) O-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharide Chains.- ?) Gang Hosides.- ?) Membrane Glycoconjugates.- 3. Sialyltransferases with N-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharide Substrates.- 4. Sialyltransferases with 0-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharide Substrates.- 5. Sialyltransferases with Glycolipid Substrates.- 6. Sialyltransferases with Oligosaccharide Substrates.- 7. Sialyltransferases with Membrane Glycoprotein Substrates.- 8. Sialyltransferases in Bacterial Systems.- 9. Ectosialyltransferases.- 10. Soluble Serum Sialyltransferases.- IV. Catabolism of Sialic Acids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CMP-Sialic Acid Hydrolase.- 3. Sialidases.- a) Anomeric Specificity.- b) The Carboxyl Group.- c) N-Substitution.- d) O-Substitution.- e) Length of the Side Chain.- f) Side Chain or Branch Sialic Acids.- g) Influence of Aglycone and Natural Glycosidic Binding Partners.- h) Glycosidic Linkage.- i) Molecular Parameters.- j) Kinetic Parameters and pH Optima.- k) Activators and Inhibitors.- 4. Acylneuraminate Pyruvate-Lyase.- a) Bacteria.- b) Mammals.- V. Uptake and Recycling of Sialic Acids in Cells.- VI. Regulation of Sialic Acid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Regulation.- 3. Regulation of Enzyme Activities.- a) Specificity.- b) Kinetic Effects.- ?) Substrate and Enzyme Concentration.- ?) Inhibition and Activation.- c) Feedback Inhibition.- d) Sialuria, a Defect in SiaUc Acid MetaboUsm.- 4. Nutritional Factors and Energy.- 5. Spatial Organization.- 6. Hormonal and Nervous Regulation.- Biblography.- J.

Biological Significance of Sialic Adds.- I. Introduction.- II. Role in Cellular Adhesiveness.- 1. Adhesiveness of Benign Cells.- 2. Adhesiveness of Transformed and Malignant Cells.- III. Influence on the Life-Span of Blood Components.- 1. Erythrocytes.- 2. Thrombocytes.- 3. Lymphocytes.- 4. Serum Glycoconjugates.- IV. Blood Clotting.- V. Immunology and Infection.- VI. Immunotherapy with Neuraminidase-Treated Cells.- VII. Gang Hosides.- VIII. Mucins of the Gastrointestinal Tract.- IX. Hormones.- X. Concluding Remarks and Outlook.- Biblography.- K. Sialidoses.- I. Introduction.- II. Clinical Manifestations and Classification.- III. The Metabolic Defect.- 1. Storage Material.- 2. The Neuraminidase Defect.- 3. Pathogenesis.- IV. Other Disorders with Neuraminidase Deficiency.- V. Laboratory Diagnosis.- VI. Summary.- Biblography.

[Book]

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