عنوان

Diagnostic imaging of the kidney and urinary tract in children.

1447130979

9781447130970

b541332

Diagnostic imaging of the kidney and urinary tract in children.

[Book]

[Place of publication not identified]

Springer

2013

Disease.- 9.3.2 Obstruction in the Urinary Tract.- 9.3.3 Cystic Disease in the Kidney.- 9.3.3.1 Multicystic Disease.- 9.3.3.2 Adult-Type Polycystic Disease.- 9.3.4 Ectopic Kidneys.- 9.3.5 Pseudotumour: Cleft Kidney.- 9.3.6 Disappearing Calyces.- 9.3.7 Renal Venous Thrombosis.- 9.3.8 Renal Abscess Formation.- 9.3.9 Perinephric Infection and Abscess.- 9.3.10 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis.- 9.3.11 Trauma.- 9.4 Extrinsic Malignant Masses Affecting the Kidney and Urinary Tract.- 9.4.1 Neuroblastoma.- 9.4.2 Hodgkin's Disease.- 9.4.3 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.- 9.4.4 Hepatoblastoma.- 9.4.5 Teratomas.- 9.5 Extrinsic Benign Masses Affecting the Kidney and Urinary Tract.- 9.5.1 Enlargement of Liver and Spleen.- 9.5.2 Neurofibromatosis.- 9.5.3 Ganglioneuroma.- 9.5.4 Parapelvic Cyst.- 9.5.5 Hydrometrocolpos.- 9.5.6 Large Ovarian Cysts and Dermoids.- 9.5.7 Pelvic Abscess.- 9.6 Strategy in Investigation.- 10 Adrenal and Gonadal Lesions.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Tactics in Investigation of the Adrenal.- 10.2.1 Clinical Information.- 10.2.2 Plain Radiographs.- 10.2.3 Ultrasonography.- 10.2.4 Scintigraphy.- 10.2.5 Angiography.- 10.2.6 Retroperitoneal Gas Insufflation.- 10.2.7 Computerized Tomography.- 10.3 Adrenal Haemorrhage and Abscess.- 10.3.1 Adrenal Haemorrhage.- 10.3.2 Adrenal Abscess.- 10.4 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome).- 10.5 Cushing's Syndrome.- 10.6 Virilizing and Feminizing Tumours of the Adrenal Gland or Gonad.- 10.6.1 The Clinical Problem.- 10.6.2 Virilization.- 10.6.3 Feminization.- 10.6.4 Precocious Puberty.- 10.6.5 Role of Investigation.- 10.7 Other Gonadal Lesions.- 10.8 Conclusion.- 11 Systemic Hypertension.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Clinical Presentation.- 11.3 Causes of Hypertension.- 11.3.1 Non-Congenital Coarctation.- 11.3.1.1 Coarctation Due to Non-Specific Arteritis.- 11.3.1.2 Neurofibromatosis.- 11.3.1.3 Chronic Granulomatous Disease.- 11.3.2 Renal Parenchymal Lesions.- 11.3.2.1 Chronic Nephritis.- 11.3.2.2 Obstructive Atrophy.- 11.3.2.3 Renal Venous Thrombosis.- 11.3.2.4 Atrophic Chronic Pyelonephritic Scarring.- 11.3.2.5 Segmental Renal Hypoplasia.- 11.3.2.6 Dysmorphic Kidney.- 11.3.2.7 Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome.- 11.3.2.8 Haemangiopericytoma.- 11.3.3 Renal Arterial Disease.- 11.3.3.1 Group A. Arterial Lesions Outside the Kidney.- 11.3.3.2 Group B. Arterial Lesions Within Renal Parenchyma.- 11.3.4 Phaechromocytoma.- 11.4 Conclusion: Tactics in Investigation.- 12 Bone Changes in Chronic Renal Failure.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Cortical Bone.- 12.2.1 General Radiological Changes.- 12.2.2 Sites of Bone Resorption.- 12.3 Cancellous Bone.- 12.3.1 General Radiological Changes.- 12.3.2 Sites of Cancellous Bone Lesions.- 12.4 Diaphyseal Lesion.- 12.5 Epiphyseal Lesion.- 12.6 General Considerations.- 12.7 Clinical Presentation.- 12.8 Conclusion.- 13 Full Circle: An Epilogue.- 13.1 Large Kidneys.- 13.2 Englargement of one Kidney.- 13.3 Small Kidneys.- 13.4 Renal Malposition.- 13.5 Renal Calcification.- 13.6 Dilated Ureters.- 13.7 Ureteric Displacement.- 13.8 Large Bladder.- 13.9 Small Bladder.- 13.10 Bladder Displacement.- 13.11 Space-occupying Lesions in Bladder.- 13.12 Syndromes with Associated Renal Malformations.- 13.13 Syndromes Associated with Renal Cysts.- 13.14 Syndromes Associated with Nephropathy.- 13.15 Congenital Renal Anomalies Associated with Other System Involvement.- 13.16 Hemihypertrophy.- 13.17 Conclusion.- 14 Subject Index.

1 The Clinical Context.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Renal Failure.- 1.2.1 Renal Failure in the Very Young.- 1.2.2 Protracted Renal Failure.- 1.3 Enuresis - Retention - Incontinence.- 1.4 Oliguria.- 1.5 Polyuria.- 1.6 Haematuria.- 1.7 Urinary Infection.- 1.8 Pain.- 1.9 Complexes, Syndromes and Conditions of a Generalised Nature.- 1.10 Conclusion.- 2 Investigatory Techniques.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Intravenous Urography (IVU).- 2.2.1 Preparatory Details.- 2.2.2 Injection of Contrast Medium and Radiographic Techniques.- 2.2.2.1 Preliminary Film.- 2.2.2.2 Injection of Contrast Medium.- 2.2.3 Cavography.- 2.2.4 Timing of Radiographs.- 2.2.5 Radiographs of the Kidney.- 2.2.6 Imaging of the Ureters.- 2.2.7 Lower Urinary Tract.- 2.2.8 Reactions to Contrast Medium.- 2.3 Micturition Cystourethrography (MCU).- 2.3.1 Radiological Techniques at MCU.- 2.3.2 Equipment.- 2.3.3 Sedation and Anaesthesia.- 2.4 Injection Urethrography.- 2.5 Retrograde and Descending Contrast Medium Studies by Injection.- 2.6 Ultrasonography.- 2.6.1 Preparation.- 2.6.2 Sedation.- 2.6.3 The Room.- 2.6.4 Equipment.- 2.6.5 Real Time Ultrasound Systems.- 2.7 Radioisotope Studies.- 2.7.1 Kidney Scans Using DTPA.- 2.7.2 Kidney Scans Using DMSA.- 2.7.3 Technique.- 2.7.4 Dose of Radiopharmaceutical.- 2.7.5 Pictorial Data.- 2.7.6 DTPA Scan.- 2.7.7 DMSA Scan.- 2.7.8 Analysis of Function by Isotope Study.- 2.7.9 The Problem of the Dilated Upper Tract.- 2.7.10 Radioisotope Cystography.- 2.7.11 Imaging of the Adrenal Glands.- 2.8 Angiography.- 2.8.1 Arterial Studies.- 2.8.1.1 Injection Technique.- 2.8.1.2 Control of the Examination.- 2.8.1.3 Complications.- 2.8.1.4 Local Complications at Catherization and Immediate Sequelae.- 2.8.2 Venous Angiography.- 2.9 Urodynamics.- 2.9.1 Indications.- 2.9.2 Method.- 2.10 Computed Tomography.- 2.11 Strategy and Tactics in Investigation.- 2.11.1 General Comment.- 2.11.2 Investigation of the Very Young Infant.- 2.11.3 Renal Failure in Infancy and Childhood.- 2.11.3.1 Acute Renal Failure in Infancy.- 2.11.3.2 Renal Failure in the Child.- 2.11.4 Haematuria.- 2.11.5 Objectives in Investigation.- 3 Obstruction in the Urinary Tract.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Acute Obstruction of the Kidney.- 3.2.1 The Role of IVU, Ultrasonics and Radioisotope Studies.- 3.2.2 Causes and Sites of Obstruction: Evaluation and Management.- 3.2.3 Late Consequences of Acute Kidney Obstruction.- 3.3 Protracted Obstruction.- 3.3.1 Summary: The Potential of IVU, Radioisotope Studies, MCU and Ultrasonics in Evaluating Protracted Obstruction.- 3.3.1.1 Sites and Causes of Obstruction Shown by IVU.- 3.3.1.2 Radioisotope Studies.- 3.3.1.3 Sites and Causes of Obstruction Shown by MCU.- 3.3.1.4 Sites and Causes of Obstruction Shown by Ultrasound.- 3.3.2 Defining the Site of Obstruction.- 3.3.2.1 Renal Changes Shown by IVU.- 3.3.2.2 Ultrasonics.- 3.3.3 Obstruction Proximal to the Bladder.- 3.3.3.1 Characteristic Findings.- 3.3.4 Causes of Obstruction to Bladder Emptying.- 3.3.4.1 Vesical Diverticulum.- 3.3.4.2 Bladder Neck Obstruction.- 3.3.4.3 Posterior Urethral Valves.- 3.3.4.4 Anterior Urethral Diverticulum.- 3.3.4.5 Distal Urethral Obstruction.- 3.3.4.6 Calculus Obstruction.- 3.3.4.7 Urethral Duplication.- 3.3.4.8 Urethral Stricture.- 3.3.5 Effect of Obstruction on the Bladder.- 3.3.6 Urinary Ascites and Perinephric Urinoma.- 3.3.7 "Non-Functioning Kidney".- 3.4 Tactics in Investigation of Patients with Suspected Obstruction.- 3.4.1 Investigation to Establish Diagnosis of Obstruction.- 3.4.2 Evaluating the Upper Tract Problem in Lower Ureteric Obstruction.- 3.4.3 Role of Cystography.- 3.5 Monitoring Progress.- 4 Urinary Infection and Vesico-ureteral Reflux.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Infection and the Bladder.- 4.3 Ureterovesical Junction: Functional Characteristics.- 4.4 Significant Factors in Vesico-Ureteral Reflux.- 4.5 Acute Kidney Infection and the Advent of the Pyelonephritic Scar.- 4.6 Sequels to Renal Scarring and Reflux.- 4.6.1 Differential Diagnosis of the Small Kidney.- 4.7 Investigations and Implications for Management in Urinary Infection.- 4.7.1 Indications for Surgical Treatment.- 4.7.2 Indications for Medical Management.- 4.7.3 Timing of Investigation.- 4.8 Collateral Considerations.- 4.8.1 Covert Urinary Tract Infection.- 4.8.2 Reflux in Families.- 4.9 Miscellaneous Urinary Infections.- 5 Nephrocalcinosis-Nephrolithiasis-Urolithiasis.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Causes of Nephrocalcinosis, Nephrolithiasis, and Urolithiasis.- 5.2.1 Nephrocalcinosis.- 5.2.2 Nephrolithiasis.- 5.2.3 Urolithiasis.- 5.3 Investigation.- 5.3.1 Techniques.- 5.4 Consequences of Calculi in the Urinary Tract.- 5.4.1 Acute Renal Obstruction.- 5.4.2 Obstruction and Atrophy of the Kidney.- 5.4.3 Recurrence of Urinary Infection and Continuing Surveillance.- 5.4.4 Pyonephrosis.- 5.4.5 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis.- 5.4.6 Perinephric Abscess.- 5.5 Miscellaneous Considerations Concerning the Lower Urinary Tract.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6 Innate Abnormalities of Renal Development.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Abnormalities of Renal Parenchymal Development.- 6.2.1 Renal Agenesis.- 6.2.2 Renal Hypoplasia.- 6.2.3 Variants of Renal Rotation and Position.- 6.2.3.1 Malrotation.- 6.2.3.2 Ectopic Kidney.- 6.2.3.3 Fused Crossed Ectopia.- 6.2.3.4 Horseshoe Kidney.- 6.2.4 Dysmorphic Kidney.- 6.2.4.1 Dysplastic Kidney.- 6.2.4.2 Segmental Renal Hypoplasia.- 6.2.4.3 Cleft Kidney.- 6.2.5 Renal Cystic Disease.- 6.2.5.1 Congenital Renal Dysplasia with Cystic Changes.- 6.2.5.2 Polycystic Disease.- 6.2.5.3 Medullary Sponge Kidney.- 6.2.5.4 Medullary Cystic Disease: Juvenile Nephronophthisis.- 6.2.5.5 Syndromes Associated with Cystic Kidneys.- 6.2.5.6 Simple Cyst.- 6.2.5.7 Calyx Cyst.- 6.3 Absent Abdominal Muscles (Prune Belly) Syndrome and Variants.- 6.4 Duplication in the Kidney and Ureters.- 6.4.1 Simple Duplication.- 6.4.2 Simple Duplication with Complications.- 6.4.3 Complete Duplication with Small or Poorly Functioning Upper Component.- 6.4.3.1 Ectopic Ureterocoele.- 6.4.3.2 Urethral Ectopic Ureter.- 6.4.4 Duplex Kidney with Atrophic Features in the Lower Renal Component.- 7 Vesical and Urethral Problems.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Developmental Variants.- 7.2.1 Absence of Ureteric Orifice in the Normal Location.- 7.2.2 Exstrophy and Epispadias.- 7.2.3 Hypospadias.- 7.2.4 Persistent Cloaca.- 7.2.5 Persistent Urachus and Urachal Cyst.- 7.2.6 Duplication in the Bladder and Urethra.- 7.2.7 Anorectal Anomaly and the Lower Urinary Tract.- 7.2.8 Vesical Diverticulum.- 7.3 Neoplastic Disease.- 7.3.1 Rhabdomyosarcoma.- 7.3.2 Other Malignant Lesions.- 7.3.3 Non-Malignant Mass Lesions.- 7.3.3.1 Simple Polyps.- 7.3.3.2 Angioma.- 7.3.3.3 Myomas.- 7.4 Cystitis.- 7.4.1 Simple Cystitis.- 7.4.2 Cystitis Cystica.- 7.4.3 Tuberculous Cystitis.- 7.4.4 Bilharzia.- 7.5 Neuropathic Bladder.- 7.5.1 Causes.- 7.5.2 Characteristics.- 7.5.3 Cryptogenic Neuropathic Bladder.- 8 Acute Kidney Lesions.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Shock States and Kidney Damage.- 8.2.1 Antecedent Factors.- 8.2.2 Vulnerability of the Kidney to the Shock State.- 8.2.3 Tubular Necrosis.- 8.2.4 Medullary Necrosis.- 8.2.5 Renal Venous Thrombosis.- 8.2.6 Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome.- 8.2.7 Cortical Necrosis.- 8.3 Nephritis.- 8.3.1 Acute Nephritis and its Evolution.- 8.3.2 Nephrotic Syndrome.- 8.3.3 Renal Damage as Part of Generalised Disease.- 8.3.4 Haematogenous Pyelonephritis and Acute Pyelonephritis.- 8.4 Miscellaneous Types of Kidney Damage.- 9 Renal Abdominal and Pelvic Masses.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Renal Neoplasms.- 9.2.1 Wilms' Tumour - Nephroblastoma.- 9.2.1.1 Clinical Presentation.- 9.2.1.2 The Renal Lesion.- 9.2.1.3 Extension and Dissemination.- 9.2.1.4 Staging of Wilms' Tumour.- 9.2.1.5 Follow-up Examination in Wilms' Tumour.- 9.2.2 Mesoblastic Nephroma.- 9.2.3 Renal Carcinoma.- 9.2.4 Other Tumours Affecting the Kidney.- 9.2.5 Conclusion.- 9.3 Non-Neoplastic Renal Masses and Lesions Simulating Masses.- 9.3.1 General Disease with Renal Masses.- 9.3.1.1 Tuberous Sclerosis.- 9.3.1.2 Hydatid

[Book]

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