Canonical prayer (osalat) and supplication (dua'): development and rules -- oSalat: conditions and components -- Supplication: dua' -- Valid prayer and ideal prayer -- Intent (nغiya) -- Reverence (khushu') and concentration (ohuodغur al-qalb) -- The cultivation of emotion -- Ethical transformation -- Interpretive models: what is osalat, and what does it do? -- The model of the royal audience -- Prayer as communication -- oSalat as an exercise in self-discipline -- oSalat as a reflection of the cosmos -- Modern developments -- The community at prayer: congregational prayer, prayer leadership (imama), and the boundaries of the religious community -- Friday prayers -- Leadership in prayer (imama) -- Prayer behind a leader of another legal school -- Knowledge of prayer and its distribution in the community -- Failure to pray -- Modern developments -- Women and prayer -- Women's prayer leadership (imama) and placement within the congregation -- Women's mosque access -- Knowledge and mastery of prayer.