عنوان

Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes & Black Flies :

شابک

940115967X

شابک

9401159696

شابک

9789401159678

شابک

9789401159692

شماره

b595921

عنوان اصلي

Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes & Black Flies :

نام عام مواد

[Book]

ساير اطلاعات عنواني

Biochemistry, Genetics & Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus

نام نخستين پديدآور

edited by Huguette Barjac, Donald J. Sutherland.

محل نشرو پخش و غیره

Dordrecht

نام ناشر، پخش کننده و غيره

Springer Netherlands

تاریخ نشرو بخش و غیره

1991

نام خاص و کميت اثر

(336 pages)

متن يادداشت

1 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (B.t.i.).- 1 Discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Geography, Climate, and Environmental Conditions.- 1.3 Detection and Isolation.- 2 Characterization and Prospective View of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.- 3 Parasporal Body of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis: Structure, Protein Composition, and Toxicity.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Synthesis.- 3.3 Structure.- 3.4 Purification and Solubilization.- 3.5 Protein Composition.- 3.6 Toxicity.- 3.6.1 Intact or Solubilized Parasporal Body.- 3.6.2 The 27-kDa Protein.- 3.6.3 The 65-kDa Protein.- 3.6.4 The 128- and 135-kDa Proteins.- 3.6.5 Synergistic Interaction of Toxic Proteins.- 3.7 Mosquiticidal Parasporal Bodies of Other Subspecies of B. thuringiensis.- 3.8 Discussion.- 4 Mechanism of Action of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Parasporal Body.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Mechanism of Action.- 4.2.1 Receptors.- 4.2.2 Toxin Structure and Membrane Insertion.- 4.2.3 Colloid-Osmotic Lysis Theory.- 4.2.4 Toxin Oligomerization.- 4.3 Discussion.- 5 Genetics of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Genetic Exchange Systems.- 5.2.1 Transformation.- 5.2.2 Transduction.- 5.2.3 Plasmid Transfer.- 5.3 Plasmids and Crystal Toxin Production.- 5.3.1 Plasmids and Plasmid Curing Analysis.- 5.3.2 Location of the ?-endotoxin Gene.- 5.4 Cloning of the Crystal Toxin Gene(s).- 5.5 Genetics and Biochemistry of the Crystal Toxin.- 5.6 Conclusions.- 6 Cloning of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Mosquito Toxin Genes.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Early Confusion in Cloning B.t.i. Toxin Protein Genes.- 6.3 Current Picture of B.t.i. Toxin Protein Genes.- 6.4 Discussion.- 7 Transfer of the Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Mosquiticidal Toxin Gene into Mosquito Larval Food Sources.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Assignment of Toxic Activity.- 7.3 Cloning of the Mosquito Toxin Gene.- 7.4 Mosquito and Black Fly Larval Food Sources.- 7.5 Introduction of the Mosquito Toxin Gene into Larval Food Sources.- 7.6 Safety Aspects.- 8 Potential for Improved Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis through Standardization and Fermentation Development.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 History.- 8.2.1 Background.- 8.2.2 Discovery and Early History.- 8.2.3 Standardizing and Measuring B.t. Products.- 8.2.3.1 Early Concepts.- 8.2.3.2 The Spore Count.- 8.3 Bioassays and the International Unit.- 8.3.1 Philosophical Differences between Bioassays of Chemical and Microbial Insecticides.- 8.3.2 Bioassays and the LC50.- 8.3.3 Choice of Insect Species for Bioassay.- 8.3.4 The International Unit.- 8.3.5 The de Barjac Protocol for B.t.i.: Its Design and Principles.- 8.3.5.1 Preparation of Stock Suspension of the Standard.- 8.3.5.2 Preparation of Suspension of the Test Samples.- 8.3.5.3 Specifications for Larvae Used in Assay.- 8.3.5.4 Reading the Assay.- 8.3.5.5 Evaluations of Assays and Their Reproducibility.- 8.4 Activity Ratios.- 8.4.1 Definition of Activity Ratios.- 8.4.2 Use and Significance of Activity Ratios.- 8.4.2.1 Tn/Hv Ratios of subspecies kurstaki.- 8.4.2.2 Cq/Aa Ratios of subspecies israelensis.- 8.4.2.3 Reproducibility of Activity Ratios in Fermentation Studies.- 8.5 Potential for Improvements in Production of the B.t.i. Toxin.- 8.5.1 Fermentation.- 8.5.1.1 Strain Selection.- 8.5.1.2 Aeration.- 8.5.1.3 Selection of Nutrients.- 8.5.2 Recovery.- 8.5.2.1 Spore-crystal Formulations.- 8.5.2.2 Viable Spore-free Formulations.- 8.6 Summary.- 8.6.1 Bioassays and the Production of B.t..- 8.6.2 Bioassays and the Future of B.t..- 9 Activity, Field Efficacy, and Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis against Mosquitoes.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.2.1 Screening Procedures.- 9.2.2 Preliminary Screening.- 9.2.3 Species Specificity.- 9.2.4 Instar Susceptibility.- 9.2.5 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Activity.- 9.2.6 Delayed Effects.- 9.3 Field Evaluation and Efficacy Trials.- 9.3.1 Spectrum of Field Activity.- 9 3.1.1 Floodwater Mosquitoes.- 9.3.1.2 Anopheles Mosquitoes.- 9.3.1.3 Culex Mosquitoes.- 9.3.2 Persistence and Recycling.- 9.4 Impact on Nontarget Organisms.- 9.5 Microbial Larvicides in Integrated Control of Mosquitoes.- 10 Progress in the Biological Control of Black Flies with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, with Emphasis on Temperate Climates.- 10.1 Nature of the Black Fly Problem in Temperate Climates.- 10.2 Advent of B.t.i..- 10.3 Trends in Recent Research Efforts.- 10.4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of B.t i. against Black Flies.- 10.4.1 Environmental Parameters.- 10.4.1.1 Discharge.- 10.4.1.2 Stream Profile.- 10.4.1.3 Turbidity.- 10.4.1.4 Pollutants.- 10.4.1.5 Water Temperature.- 10.4.1.6 pH.- 10.4.1.7 Degree of Vertical Mixing in the Water Column.- 10.4.1.8 Reduced Water Velocity Due to Negative Relief.- 10.4.1.9 Attachment of B.t.i. to Benthic Substrates/Sediments.- 10.4.1.10 Other Factors.- 10.4.2 Black Fly Parameters.- 10.4.2.1 Larval Age.- 10.4.2.2 Species.- 10.4.2.3 Feeding Behavior.- 10.4.3 Formulation Parameters.- 10.4.3.1 Particle Size.- 10.4.3.2 Powdered versus Liquid Formulations.- 10.4.3.3 Formulation Additives.- 10.4.4 Treatment Parameters.- 10.4.4.1 Concentration.- 10.4.4.2 Duration of Application.- 10.4.4.3 Preparation of Powdered Formulations.- 10.5 Lack of Correlation in Formulation Potency against Black Flies and Mosquitoes.- 10.6 Effect of B.t.i. on Black Fly Populations.- 10.7 Effect of B.t.i. on Nontarget Populations.- 10.7.1 Toxicity.- 10.7.2 Inducement of Drift.- 10.8 Treatment and Assessment Methodologies.- 10.8.1 Discharge Calculation.- 10.8.2 Treatment.- 10.8.3 Assessments of Black Fly Mortality.- 10.9 Product/Formulation Improvement.- 10.10 Area-control Programs.- 10.11 Possibility of Resistance.- 10.12 Research Priorities in Temperate Climates.- 10.13 Conclusions.- 11 Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for Onchocerciasis Control in West Africa.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Search for Suitable B.t.i. Formulations.- 11.3 Operational Use of B.t.i. in the OCP.- 11.4 Discussion and Prospects.- 12 Mammalian Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Source and Preparation of Cultures.- 12.3 Results and Discussion.- 12.3.1 Oral and Intraperitoneal Administration.- 12.3.2 Subcutaneous Injection.- 12.3.3 Aerosol Exposure.- 12.3.4 Intracerebral Injection.- 12.3.5 Clearance.- 12.3.6 Ocular Irritancy.- 12.4 Summary.- 12.5 Summary of Other Studies.- 2 Bacillus sphaericus.- 3 Introduction to the Study of Bacillus sphaericus as a Mosquito Control Agent.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 History of Extant Strains.- 13.3 Future Strains.- 14 Classification of Bacillus sphaericus Strains and Comparative Toxicity to Mosquito Larvae.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Different Approaches to the Classification and Characterization of Toxic Strains.- 14.3 Comparative Toxicity of Various Serotypes.- 14.4 Distribution of the Larvicidal Strains and Activity Ratios.- 15 The Mosquito Larval Toxin of Bacillus sphaericus.- 15.1 Location of the Toxin in the Bacterial Cell.- 15.2 Biochemical Nature of the Toxin.- 15.3 Pathology in the Host.- 15.4 Host Range of the Toxin.- 15.5 Pathology of the Toxin in Cultured Cells.- 15.6 Comparison of the B. sphaericus Toxin with the B.t.i. Toxin.- 16 Genetics of Bacillus sphaericus.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Evidence of Genetic Heterogeneity within the Species B. sphaericus.- 16.3 Naturally Occurring Antibiotic Resistances in B. sphaericus.- 16.4 Auxotrophic Mutants of B. sphaericus.- 16.5 Transformation of B. sphaericus with Plasmid DNA.- 16.6 B sphaericus Mutants with Limited Restriction Endonuclease Activity.- 16.7 Evidence for the Existence of a Bsp 1593 Modification System.- 16.8 Conjugal Transfer of pAMssl in B. sphaericus 1593.- 16.9 Construction of Plasmid Vectors for Cloning in B sphaericus 1593.- 16.10 Cloning of B.

متن يادداشت

sphaericus Larvicidal Toxin Genes.- 17 Local Production of Bacillus sphaericus.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 The Need for Local Production ofB. sphaericus.- 17.3 Growth and Cultivating Conditions for B. sphaericus.- 17.4 Formulation of B. sphaericus.- 17.5 Economics of Local Production of B. sphaericus.- 17.6 Conclusions.- 18 Persistence and Formulation of Bacillus sphaericus.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Factors Affecting Residual Activity.- 18.2.1 Definitions.- 18.2.2 Water Quality, Depth, and Feeding Behavior.- 18.2.3 Solar Radiation.- 18.2.4 Species Susceptibility.- 18.2.5 Recycling.- 18.3 Formulation: Field Efficacy.- 18.3.1 Granules.- 18.3.2 Flowable Concentrates.- 18.3.3 Sustained-release Formulations.- 18.3.4 Storage Considerations.- 18.4 Recommendations for Future Formulation Research.- 19 Formulations and Persistence of Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quinquefasciatus Larval Sites in Tropical Africa.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Field Evaluation.- 19.2.1 Wettable Powder 1593.- 19.2.2 Flowable Concentrate 2362.- 19.3 Bacteriological Tests.- 19.4 Discussion.- 19.4.1 Persistence of B. sphaericus in the Field.- 19.4.2 Recycling of B sphaericus in the Field.- 19.5 Conclusions.- 19.6 Summary.- 20 Field Trials of Bacillus sphaericus for Mosquito Control.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 General Information on Field Trials.- 20.3 Field Trials against Culex.- 20.4 Field Trials against Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, andPsorophora.- 20.5 Discussion.- 21 Mammalian Safety of Bacillus sphaericus.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Source and Preparation of Cultures.- 21.3 Results and Discussion.- 21.3.1 Subcutaneous and Intraperitoneal Injection.- 21.3.2 Intradermal Injection.- 21.3.3 Ocular Irritancy.- 21.3.4 Intraocular Injection.- 21.3.5 Ocular Persistence.- 21.3.6 Intracerebral Injection.- 21.4 Summary of Other Studies.- 21.5 Conclusion.- 3 The Future.- 22 The Future of Bacterial Control of Mosquito and Black Fly Larvae.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Perspective for the Next Decade.- 22.2.1 Supportive Factors.- 22.2.2 Counterfactors.- 22.3 Prospects for the Future.

موضوع مستند نشده

Life sciences.

موضوع مستند نشده

Morphology (Animals)

شماره رده

نشانه اثر

مستند نام اشخاص تاييد نشده

edited by Huguette Barjac, Donald J. Sutherland.

مستند نام اشخاص تاييد نشده

Donald J Sutherland

مستند نام اشخاص تاييد نشده

Huguette Barjac

نام الکترونيکي

نوع ماده

[Book]

تكميل شده

Y