Conversion to the Antiviral State.- a) Kinetics of Development of Antiviral Activity.- b) Metabolie Requirements for Development of Virus Resistance.- c) Duration of the Antiviral State.- 2. Character of Interferon-Induced Virus Resistance.- B. Antiviral Mechanisms: Sites of Interferon Actions Against Viruses.- 1. Inhibition of Virus Attachment, Penetration and Uncoating.- 2. Inhibition of Virus Transcription.- 3. Inhibition of Virus Translation.- a) Inhibition of Virus Translation in Cells.- b) Inhibition of Virus Translation in Cell-Free Systems.- 4. Inhibition of Maturation and Release.- C. An Oversimplified Summation of Interferon-Induced Antiviral Actions.- X. Non-Antiviral Actions of Interferons.- A. The Breadth of Interferon Action: The Expanding Realm of Interferonology.- B. Inhibition of Non-Viral Agents.- C. Priming.- D. Blocking.- E. Cell-Multiplication-Inhibition.- 1. Evidence That Interferon Is the Active Component Inhibiting Cell- Multiplication.- 2. Cellular Systems Inhibited by Interferon.- 3. Metabolie Alterations in Interferon-Treated Cells.- 4. Restraints Imposed by Interferon.- F. Toxicity Enhancement.- G. Enhanced Synthetic Activities.- H. Surface Alterations In du ced by Interferons.- I. Enhanced Immunolysis.- J. Enhancement of Phagocytosis.- K. Macrophage "Activation".- L. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity-Inhibition.- M. Graft-vs-Host Reactions: Effects of Interferon on Transplantation.- N. Effects of Interferon on Antibody Production.- 1. In vivo Antibody Production.- 2. In vitro Antibody Production.- XI. Pharmacokinetics of Interferons.- A. Distribution of Interferon.- 1. Circulating Interferon Levels.- 2. Clearance From the Cerebrospinal Fluid: The Blood-Brain Barrier for Interferon.- 3. Transplacental Passage and Other Barriers to Distribution of Interferon.- B. Metabolism of Interferons.- 1. Renal Clearance.- 2. Catabolism of Interferon: Role of Carbohydrates.- C. Effective Interferon Levels.- XII. Antiviral Actions of Interferons in Animals.- A. Natural Recovery Processes From Viral Infections.- 1. Progression of Virus Infections.- a) Localized Infections.- b) Generalized Infections.- 2. Factors Modifying Pathogenesis: Interactions With Interferon Mechanism.- a) Restriction of Establishment of Infections.- b) Elimination of Established Infections.- B. Antiviral Studies With Interferons and Interferon Inducers in Animals.- 1. Localized Infections.- a) Effect of Exogenous Interferons.- b) Effects of Inducers of Endogenous Interferons.- 2. Generalized Infections.- a) Effects of Exogenous Interferons.- b) Combined Effects of Interferons and Other Agents.- c) Effects of Inducers of Endogenous Interferons.- 3. Unifying Speculation on Inducer Toxicities.- XIII. Antitumor Activities of Interferons in Animals.- A. Activities Against Virally-Induced Tumors.- 1. Antitumor Effects of Exogenous Interferons.- 2. Antitumor Effects of Inducers of Endogenous Interferons Against Virally-Induced Tumors.- 3. Combined Antitumor Efficacies of Interferon and Other Antitumor Agents.- B. Activities Against Transplantable Tumors.- 1. Antitumor Effects of Exogenous Interferons.- 2. Antitumor Effects of Inducers of Endogenous Interferons Against Transplantable Tumors.- C. Activities Against Chemically- and Radiation-Induced Tumors.- 1. Antitumor Effects of Exogenous Interferons.- 2. Antitumor Effect of Inducers of Endogenous Interferons Against Chemically- and Radiation-Induced Tumors.- D. Mechanisms of Antitumor Activities of Interferons.- 1. Virus-Induced Tumors.- 2. Transplantable Tumors.- XIV. Interferon in the Clinic.- A. Preliminary Testing of Interferons: Therpeutic-Index of Interferon?.- B. Antiviral Activities of Interferons in Man.- 1. Localized Infections.- a) Prophylaxis With Interferon.- b) Therapy of Localized Infections.- 2. Systemic Viral Infections.- a) Disseminated Herpesvirus: Varicella-Zoster.- b) Cytomegalovirus Infections.- c) Hepatitis B Virus Infections.- d) Interferon Therapy in Other Viral Diseases.- 3. Antiviral Effects of Interferon Inducers in Man.- a) Virus Interference in Man.- b) Poly rl-Poly rC in the Clinic.- c) Propanediamine and Its Vehicle.- C. Cancer Therapy With Interferon.- 1. Antitumor Activity of Interferon Inducers in Man.- 2. Effects of Interferon.- XV. Prelude to the Interferon System.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Appendix to the References.
متن يادداشت
I. Introduction.- A. An Historical Perspective.- 1. The Phenomenon of Viral Interference.- 2. Discovery of Interferon.- 3. Interference Mediated by Other Mechanisms.- B. An Overview of the Interferon System.- 1. Interferon Inducers.- 2. Induction Mechanisms.- 3. Genetic Information for Interferon Production.- 4. Interferon Messenger RNA.- 5. Interferon Production.- 6. Interferons.- 7. Interferon Binding.- 8. Genetic Information for Interferon Actions.- 9. Cellular Alterations Induced by Interferons.- a) Antiviral States.- b) Priming and Blocking.- c) Enhanced Susceptibility to Toxicity of Double-Stranded RNA.- d) Effects on Cell Surfaces.- e) Effects on Cell Multiplication.- f) Immunomodulations.- C. The Interferon System in vivo.- 1. Interferons as Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agents in Animals.- 2. Interferons in the Clinic.- II. Interferon Assays.- A. General Considerations.- B. Dose-Response Relationships.- C. Assay Methods.- 1. Plaque-Reduction Assays.- 2. Yield-Reduction Assays.- a) Reduction of Infectious Virus Yields.- b) Reduction of Haemagglutinin Yields.- c) Reduction of Haemadsorption.- d) Reduction of Neuraminidase Yields.- 3. Cytopathic Effect (CPE)-Inhibition Assays.- a) CPE-Reading Method.- b) Dye-Uptake Method.- 4. Radiochemical Assays.- 5. Other Antiviral Assays.- a) Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition Assay.- b) Immunofluorescence Assay.- c) EB Virus-Expression Assay.- d) Cytochemical Assays.- e) Agar Diffusion Assays.- f) pH Indicator Assay.- 6. Non-Antiviral Assays.- D. Factors Influencing Interferon Assays.- 1. Non-Interferon Contaminants.- 2. Period of Interferon Exposure.- 3. Challenge Multiplicity.- 4. Assay Duration.- 5. Concentration vs. Volume.- 6. Aging Effect.- E. Choice of an Assay System.- 1. Assay Method of Choice.- 2. Cells of Choice.- 3. Virus of Choice.- F. Reference Interferons and Standard Interferons.- III. Interferon Inducers.- A. Animal Viral Inducers.- 1. Adenoviruses.- 2. Myxo-Paramyxo Inducers.- 3. Rhabdoviruses.- 4. "Arbovirus" Inducers.- 5. Diplorna Viruses.- 6. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus.- B. Non-Viral Inducers of Interferons.- 1. "Foreign" Nucleic Acids.- 2. Fungal Extracts.- 3. Bacteria and Bacterial Products.- 4. Other Microorganisms Inducing Interferons.- a) Chlamydia.- b) Rickettsiae.- c) Mycoplasmas.- d) Protozoa.- 5. Mitogens and Immune Recognition Induction.- a) Mitogens.- b) Immune Recognition Induction.- c) Induction by Tumor Cells.- 6. Synthetic Inducers.- a) Anionic Polymers.- 1. Polycarboxylates, Sulfates and Phosphates.- 2. Polynucleotides.- b) Low Molecular Weight Inducers.- 1. Tilorone.- 2. Cationic Dyes.- 3. Propanediamine.- 4. BL-20803.- 5. MA-56.- 6. AET.- 7. U-25, 166.- C. Inferferon (?) Inducers.- D. Uninduced (Spontaneous) Interferons.- IV. Induction Mechanisms.- A. The Interferon Induction-Production Curve.- 1. The Induction Phase.- a) True Induction?.- b) Preformed Interferons?.- 2. The Interaction of Inducer and Cell.- 3. Induction Lag Periods.- a) The in vitro Lag.- b) Induction Lag in vivo.- c) Time of Appearance of Lymphocyte Interferons - Types I and II.- B. Mechanism of Induction by Viruses.- 1. Search for Double-Stranded RNA.- 2. Viral Events Effecting Induction.- C. Alternative Induction Mechanism Hypotheses.- 1. The Double-Stranded RNA Hypothesis.- 2. The Repressor-Depletion Hypothesis.- 3. The Basal-Level-Interferon Hypothesis.- V. The Genetics of Interferon Production.- A. Hybrid-Cell Analyses of Interferon Production.- 1. Production Regulation in Hybrid-Cells.- 2. Chromosomal Assignments for Interferon Production in Hybrid-Cell Lines.- B. Chromosomal Assignments for Interferon Production in Aneuploid Cells.- C. Epigenetic Complications of Assessing Genetic Contributions to Interferon Production.- 1. Age Effects on Interferon Production.- a) In vivo Age and Interferon Potential.- b) Interferon Production and in vitro Aging.- 2. Variations in Interferon Production by Human Diploid Cell Cultures.- D. Genetics of Interferon Production in vivo.- 1. Mendelian Analyses of Interferon Production.- 2. Non-Specific Factors Influencing in vivo Genetic Evaluations of Interferon Production.- a) Temperature.- b) Hormones.- c) Other Factors Modulating Interferon Production.- VI. Interferon Production.- A. Interferon Production at the Cellular and Molecular Level.- 1. Interferon Messenger RNA.- a) Indirect Evidence for Interferon Messenger RNA.- b) Extraction of Interferon Messenger RNA and Its Translation in Heterologous Cells.- c) Translation of Interferon Messenger RNA in Xenopus Ooecytes.- d) Translation of Interferon Messenger RNA in Cell-Free Protein- Synthesizing Systems.- e) Translation of Interferon Messenger RNA in Bacteria?.- 2. Superinduction or Superproductions?.- a) Interferon Enhancement by Metabolie Inhibitors.- b) Mechanisms of Superproduction.- 3. Regulatory Mechanisms on Interferon Production: The Refractory State in vitro (Hyporesponsiveness and Blocking).- 4. Posttranslational Processing of Interferons.- a) Interferon Precursor?.- b) Glycosylation of Interferon Proteins.- c) Secretion of Interferons.- B. Interferon Production at the Organism Level.- 1. Interferon Production in vivo.- a) Production of Interferon in Viral Infections.- b) Non-Viral Interferon Inducers in vivo.- c) Cell-Sources of Interferon.- 2. Hyporesponsiveness in vivo: Tolerance to Repeated Inductions.- a) Cross-Tolerance to Different Inducers.- b) Serum Hyporeactive Factor.- C. Mass Production of Interferons.- 1. Mouse Interferon.- 2. Human Leukocyte Interferon.- 3. Human Fibroblast Interferon.- 4. Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Interferon.- 5. Alternatives to Large-Scale Production.- 6. Which Human Interferon Should be Produced?.- VII. Interferons: Their Purification and Characterization.- A. Defining Interferons.- 1. Induction of Antiviral Activities.- 2. "Species Specifity" of Interferons.- 3. Acid-Stability of Interferons.- 4. Physicochemical Properties Generally Applicable to All Interferons: The Protein Nature of Interferons.- 5. Antigenicities of Interferons.- 6. Induction of Non-Antiviral Activities.- 7. A Summary Definition of Interferons.- B. Purification of Interferons.- 1. Purification of Mouse Interferons.- 2. Purification of Human Leukocyte (and Lymphoblastoid) Interferons.- 3. Purification of Human Fibroblast Interferon.- C. Characterization of Interferons.- 1. Heterogeneities of Interferons.- a) Molecular Weights of Interferons.- b) Stabiiities of Interferons.- c) Ligand Affinities of Interferons.- d) Biological Heterogeneities of Interferons.- e) Origins of Heterogeneities of Interferons.- f) Significance of Interferon Heterogeneities.- 2. Non-Antiviral Activities of Interferons.- VIII. The Genetics of Interferon Action.- A. Hybrid-Cell Analyses of Interferon Action.- B. Chromosomal Assignments for Interferon Actions in Aneuploid Cells.- 1. Antiviral Action of Human Interferon in Aneuploid Cells: Chromosome 21 Dosage Effect.- 2. Relationship of Non-Antiviral Actions of Human Interferons to Chromosome 21.- 3. Regulatory Chromosomes for Interferon Actions.- C. Role of Chromosome 21 in Interferon Actions: Interferon Binding.- 1. Interactions of Interferons With Cells: Initiation of Interferon Actions.- a) Indirect Studies on Interferon Binding.- b) Direct Studies on Interferon Binding.- 2. Chromosome 21 and Interferon Binding.- D. Epigenetic Complications to Assessing Genetic Contributions to Interferon Actions.- 1. Age Effects on Interferon Action.- 2. Cell Density Effect.- 3. Variations in Interferon Sensitivities of Diploid Cells.- 4. Other Factors Modulating Interferon Actions.- a) Antagonists.- b) Factors Influencing Early Interferon-Cell Interactions.- c) Miscellaneous Factors.- IX. Mechanisms of Antiviral Acfions of Interferons.- A. General Considerations of Antiviral Actions of Interferons.- 1.
رده بندی کنگره
شماره رده
QR187
.
5
نشانه اثر
W455
2012
نام شخص به منزله سر شناسه - (مسئولیت معنوی درجه اول )