1 Sampling:an Introduction -- 1.1 General Remarks -- 1.2 Error Sources Prior to Total Element Determination -- 1.3 Sampling for Subsequent Determination of Chemical Species -- 1.4 Studies to Evaluate Sampling Errors -- 1.5 References -- 2 Human Specimens -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Human Specimens -- 2.3 Characterization -- 2.4 Sampling Procedures -- 2.5 References -- 3 Wet Precipitation:Rain and Snow -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sampling Strategy -- 3.3 Sampling Equipment -- 3.4 Sampling in Winter -- 3.5 Sample Storage -- 3.6 Sample Preparation -- 3.7 Analytical Procedures -- 3.8 Results and Discussion -- 3.9 Conclusions -- 3.10 References -- 4 Sampling of Sea- and Fresh Water for the Analysis of Trace Elements -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sample Handling -- 4.3 Sampling Procedures -- 4.4 Digestion -- 4.5 Typical Concentration Levels of Selected Trace Elements in the Aquatic Environment and Suitable Analytical Methods -- 4.6 Quality Assurance During Analysis and Data Evaluation -- 4.7 References -- 5 Soils and Soil Solutions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials -- 5.3 Aspects of Soil Sampling and Recommendations for Its Realization\U+2026\ -- 5.4 Sample Storage -- 5.5 Quality Control -- 5.6 Safety Precautions -- 5.7 References -- 6 Waste -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theoretical Considerations for Sampling -- 6.3 Sampling and Storage -- 6.4 Decomposition and Analysis -- 6.5 Legal Requirements, Standards and Instruction Leaflets -- 6.6 Specific Problems -- 6.7 References -- 7 Collection, Preparation and Long-Term Storage of Marine Samples -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tasks of the Environmental Specimen Bank -- 7.3 Collection -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 7.6 References -- 8 Biological Samples -- 8.1 Introduction: Ecological Basis \U+2013\ Information Content, Function and Indicative Value of Biological Specimens -- 8.2 Quality Assurance in Biological Sampling -- 8.3 Development of Specified Sampling Plans -- 8.4 Specific Problems of Sampling and Preparation of Biological Environmental Specimens -- 8.5 References -- 9 Sampling of Industrial Material (Sampling for the Balancing of Elements in the Cement Industry) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Cement Clinker Burning Process -- 9.3 Sampling -- 9.4 Sample Preparation, Decomposition and Analysis -- 9.5 Checking Mass Flows -- 9.6 Conclusions -- 9.7 References -- 10 Food Products of Animal and Plant Origin -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Recommendations, Standards and Estimations of the Tolerable Intake of Toxic Metals via Food -- 10.3 Sample Collection -- 10.4 Sample Preparation -- 10.5 Homogenization -- 10.6 Decomposition Procedures -- 10.7 Analysis and Quality Control -- 10.8 Consumption Recommendations -- 10.9 References -- 11 Sample Preparation:an Introduction -- 11.1 General Remarks -- 11.2 Error Sources -- 11.3 Decomposition Directly Prior to Determination in Analytical Systems -- 11.4 Quality Assurance -- 11.5 References -- 12 Pressure Digestion: Apparatus, Problems and Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Liner -- 12.3 Body -- 12.4 Safety Devices -- 12.5 Heating System -- 12.6 Conditions for Digestion -- 12.7 Completeness of Sample Decomposition -- 12.8 References -- 13 Microwave-Assisted Decomposition -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microwave-Assisted Decomposition Apparatus -- 13.3 Comparison of Different Microwave-Assisted Digestion Systems -- 13.4 Criteria for the Evaluation of Microwave Digestion Systems -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 References -- 14 Decomposition Methods for the Electrochemical Determination of Elements -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Determination without Sample Decomposition -- 14.3 Oxidative UV-Digestion !. -- 14.4 Mineralization by Oxygen -- 14.5 Open Wet Digestion -- 14.6 Pressurized Digestion -- 14.7 Conclusions -- 14.8 References -- 15 Decomposition of Materials for Trace Analysis in the Cement Industry -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Decomposition Methods -- 15.3 Examples -- 15.4 References.
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This book describes in great detail sampling and sample preparation in routine and research. All chapters are written for practitioners by experts in the field. The book provides well-documented and illustrated procedures for sampling and sample preparation prior to trace metal analysis. A careful selection of appropriate references to pitfalls, methods and strategies furnishes the information for a proper performance of the most crucial steps of any analytical procedure.