3.1.1 Background on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines3.1.2 Radionuclides for Labeling Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines; 3.2 Coordination Chemistry of Metalloporphyrins and Metallophthalocyanines; 3.3 Porphyrin Radiolabeling; 3.3.1 Cobalt-57; 3.3.2 Copper-64 for Porphyrin and Porphysome; 3.3.3 Gallium-67 and 68; 3.3.4 Technetium-99m; 3.3.5 Paladium-109; 3.3.6 Indium-111; 3.3.7 Neodymium-140; 3.3.8 Holmium-166; 3.3.9 Lutetium-177; 3.3.10 Rhenium-186 and 188; 3.4 Phthalocyanine Radiolabeling; 3.4.1 Copper-64; 3.4.2 Zinc-65; 3.4.3 Gallium-67; 3.4.4 Technetium-99m; 3.5 Conclusion; References.
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4 Graphene-Based NanomaterialsAbstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Preparation of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications; 4.2.1 Enhancing the Dispersibility and Stability Under Physiological Conditions; 4.2.2 Graphene as Nanocarriers; 4.2.3 Reduction of GOs to Make rGO; 4.2.4 Photoluminescent Nano-GOs(Nano-GOs) and GQDs; 4.3 Toxicity of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials; 4.3.1 In Vitro Toxicity; 4.3.2 In Vivo Toxicity; 4.3.3 Biodegradation; 4.4 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications; 4.4.1 Therapeutic Applications; 4.4.2 Fluorescence Sensing and Imaging.
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4.5 Recent Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Magnetic Resonance Imaging4.5.1 Paramagnetic Ions Coordinated Graphene; 4.5.2 Paramagnetic Nanoparticles-Decorated Graphene; 4.5.3 Graphene-Based Multifunctional MRI Contrast Agents; 4.6 In Vivo Radionuclide Imaging of Radiolabeled Graphene(Radio-Graphene); References; 5 Organic Nanomaterials: Liposomes, Albumin, Dendrimer, Polymeric Nanoparticles; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Liposomes; 5.3 Albumin; 5.4 Dendrimers; 5.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles; References; Endogenous Radionanomedicine.
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6 Endogenous Radionanomedicine: Extracellular VesiclesAbstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Classification and Biogenesis of EVs; 6.3 Biological Function of EVs; 6.4 Biomedical Application of EVs; 6.5 Perspectives and Conclusion; References; 7 Endogenous Radionanomedicine: Radiolabeling; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Facilitating Clinical Use of EVs: Radionuclide Imaging of EVs; 7.3 Radiolabeling Methods for Extracellular Vesicles; 7.3.1 Radiolabeling Using Streptavidin; 7.3.2 99mTc Radiolabeled EVs; 7.3.3 Multifunctional Radionuclide Labeling Methods Using Click Chemistry; 7.4 Conclusion.
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SUMMARY OR ABSTRACT
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This book describes radionanomedicine as an integrated medicine using exogenous and endogenous This book describes radionanomedicine as an integrated approach that uses exogenous and endogenous nanomaterials for in vivo and human applications. It comprehensively explains radionanomedicine comprising nuclear and nanomedicine, demonstrating that it is more than radionanodrugs and that radionanomedicine also takes advantage of nuclear medicine using trace technology, in which miniscule amounts of materials and tracer kinetic elucidate in vivo biodistribution. It also discusses exogenous nanomaterials such as inorganic silica, iron oxide, upconversion nanoparticles and quantum dots or organic liposomes labelled with radioisotopes, and radionanomaterials used for targeted delivery and imaging for theranostic purposes. Further, it examines endogenous nanomaterials i.e. extracellular vesicles labelled with radioisotopes, known as radiolabelled extracellular vesicles, as well as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), which elucidate the biodistribution and potential for therapeutic success.