Pt. I. The formation of the Islamic tradition. Islam in global perspective ; Arabia ; The pre-Islamic Near East ; The life of Muhammad ; The Qur'an ; The tradition literature - Pt. II. The expansion of Islam. The conquests ; Religion of empire ; The Caliphate - Pt. III. Islamic institutions. Islamic law ; Islamic theology and philosophy ; Sufism - Pt. IV. Crisis and renewal in Islamic history. Turks, Crusaders, and Mongols ; Revival and reform ; Islam and the West ; The turbulent twentieth century ; Islam in the twenty-first century - Glossary.