"This brief essay addresses the historical development of an important sub-field in modern anthropology-the ethnology of Nilotic Africa. It is likewise concerned with the political circumstances now confronting Nilotic peoples. In this regard I am particularly concerned with the manner in which contemporary nation-states effect the political and legal rights of indigenous peoples, and how these emergent policies question the value and relevance of the time honored stance and moral presumptions of "cultural relativism" in the anthropological tradition. This brief essay addresses the historical development of an important sub-field in modern anthropology-the ethnology of Nilotic Africa. It is likewise concerned with the political circumstances now confronting Nilotic peoples. In this regard I am particularly concerned with the manner in which contemporary nation-states effect the political and legal rights of indigenous peoples, and how these emergent policies question the value and relevance of the time honored stance and moral presumptions of "cultural relativism" in the anthropological tradition."