Aḥmad al-Burnūsī al-Fāsī " Zarrūq " (846-99/1442-94) was a reform-oriented Ṣūfī, Mālikī jurist, and social critic in North Africa. 1. Life Aḥmad Zarrūq was born in Fez (Fās) and trained as a jurist with a Ṣūfī orientation under Muḥammad al-Qūrī (d. 872/1467-8). In 869/1465, Zarrūq opposed a revolution against the last Marīnid sultan, ʿAbd al-Ḥāqq II (r. 823-69/1420-65). Zarrūq left Fes after breaking with his first Ṣūfī master, Muḥammad al-Zaytūnī (died circa 910-20/1504-14) who