Nāyib al-Salṭana ʿAbbās Mīrzā (1203-49/1789-1833) was the fourth son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shāh Qājār (r. 1797-1834). He was heir apparent (valī ʿahd) to the Qājār throne of Iran and, as governor of Azerbaijan, played a leading role in the two Russo-Persian wars in the Caucasus (1804-13 and 1826-8). With his ministers Mīrzā ʿĪsā Buzurg (d. 1822) and Mīrzā Abū l-Qāsim Qāʾim Maqām (d. 1835), he is credited with making the first efforts at reform and modernisation in Iran. He was born