Muḥammad al-Muṣṭafā l-Qalqamī (1831-1910), known as Māʾ al-ʿAynayn , was a leading Ṣūfī and anti-colonial resistance leader in Mauritania, the Western Sahara, and southern Morocco. He was also deeply involved in Moroccan politics in his later years. 1. Early life Māʾ al-ʿAynayn (lit., the water of two eyes, so called perhaps from his mother's affection for him) was the son of Muḥammad Fāḍil b. Māmīn (al-Amīn) al-Qalqamī (d. 1869), who had founded the Fāḍiliyya Ṣūfī order, a branch of the Qādiriyya. The