Cadiz (Sp. Cádiz, Ar. Qādis) was founded (as Gadir or Agadir) by the Phoenicians in the second millennium B.C.E. It later became a Roman colony, under the name Augusta Julia Gaditana. It was ignored as a city by the Muslim conquerors, even though its region was controlled by them. The district capitals in what is now the province of Cádiz-which are known only for the fourth/tenth century-were Jerez de la Frontera (Ar. Sharīsh), Arcos (Arkush), and Medina-Sidonia (Ar. Madīna Shadūna). The ports in the