Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) has always been concerned in multiple ways with the human body (jasad, jism) -not with the body per se (either as a physical entity or as an overarching concept, as opposed to the soul or the person), but rather with certain concrete aspects of the body and its parts. Three of the five basic values of religious law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿa) -reason (ʿaql) , life (nafs) , and progeny ( nasab )-are strongly related to the body. Relevant opinions can be found in the legal manuals in chapters on rituals