A bequest (waṣiyya) is a legal instrument for the transfer of ownership or usufruct from a testator to a third party, not in excess of one-third of the estate, and for no consideration, effective after the testator's death. If the bequest includes the appointment of a testamentary tutor, it is called īṣāʾ . In the Roman, Egyptian, and Sāsānian legal systems, jurists distinguished testate succession from intestacy; by means of a last will and testament, a testator could specify his heirs and determine, within limits, the amount they would