Abdülhamid II (ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II, 22 September 1842-10 February 1918) was the thirty-fourth Ottoman sultan. He was the grandson of Mahmud II (Maḥmūd II, r. 1808-39), the second son of Abdülmecid (ʿAbd al-Majīd, r. 1839-61), and the nephew of Abdülaziz (ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, r. 1861-76). He succeeded his brother Murad V (Murād V, r. 1876) on 1 September 1876 for a reign that would last thirty-nine years and end with his deposition, on 27 April 1909. Regardless of the assessment of his