Human cognitive processes -- Cognitive load theory -- The expertise reversal effect -- Assessment of task-specific expertise -- Evaluation of cognitive load -- Managing cognitive load in verbal and pictorial representations -- Managing cognitive load in interactive multimedia -- Managing cognitive load in dynamic visual representations -- Optimizing cognitive load in instructional simulations and games -- Tailoring multimedia environments to learner cognitive characteristics -- Adapting levels of instructional support to optimize learning complex cognitive skills -- Adaptive procedures for efficient learning.