1. Anthropology and the Middle East. The Middle East defined; Anthropology : some practical assumptions; First approximations -- 2. Intellectual predecessors : the rediscovery of the Middle East. Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt, 1798-1801; Explorers and scholars; William Robertson Smith (1846-1894); Scholarly inquiry and imperial interests -- 3. The functionalist era : village and community studies. Functionalism as theory and practice; Functionalism in the study of the Middle East -- 4. The contexts of pastoral nomadism. Pastoral nomadism : the past and the present; Saudi Arabian pastoralists : The Āl Murra; The ideology of equality : further considerations -- 5. What is a tribe? Ideologies; The concept of tribe; A Moroccan example : The Bnī Batāw; Segmentation ideology or segmentary theory : the Bedouin of Cyrenaica -- 6. Personal and family relationships. Kinship today; Cultural forms; Practical kinship : Morocco; Practical kinship : some analytical considerations; Marriage; The importance of kin and family
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7. Change in practical ideologies : self, sexuality, and ethnicity. Naming; Women, men, and sexuality; Ethnicity and cultural identity -- 8. The cultural order of complex societies. World view; Morocco : God's will, reason, and obligation; North Africans in Israel; The market as a cultural form; Lying; Etiquette; Iran : Taʻāruf; Conclusion -- 8. Islam in practice. Islam as a world religion; The five pillars; The Shīʻa; An ideological frontier? : the Alevi; Sufism; Maraboutism : town and tribe; Men of learning (ʻUlamā'); Reform : the self-renewal of Islamic tradition; Beginnings -- 10. Cities in their place. Issues; The "Islamic" city; Colonial cities and their legacy; Cities now; Cities and social class -- 11. Political economy : past and present. Medieval Muslim states : problems of authority and interpretation; The colonial experience; The social anthropology of the nation-state; Development in perspective.