Cover page -- Publishing information -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Abstract -- Résumé -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 REFORESTATION SITE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- 1.1 Radiation -- 1.1.1 Radiation transmitted through the atmosphere -- 1.1.2 Radiation transmitted through the forest canopy -- 1.1.3 Radiation at the needle surface -- 1.1.4 Seasonal variation in day length -- 1.2 Energy Balance -- 1.2.1 Seasonal temperature fluctuations -- 1.2.2 Daily temperature fluctuations -- 1.2.3 Growing season frost events -- 1.2.4 Soil thermal properties.
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1.2.5 Frost heaving -- 1.3 Hydrologic Factors -- 1.3.1 Soil water content -- 1.3.2 Atmospheric humidity -- 1.4 Wind -- 1.5 Soil Nutrition -- 1.5.1 Mineral nutrients in the soil -- 1.5.2 Nutrient cycling -- 1.5.3 Nutrient availability in the northern latitude forest -- 2 BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS -- 2.1 Water Relations -- 2.1.1 Water potential -- 2.1.2 Water movement through the plant -- 2.1.3 Response to changing water potential -- 2.2 Gas Exchange -- 2.2.1 Stomata and stomatal conductance -- 2.2.2 Transpiration -- 2.2.3 Photosynthesis -- 2.2.4 Respiration.
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2.3 Plant Nutrition -- 2.3.1 Nutrient uptake -- 2.3.2 Role of nutrients in plants -- 2.3.3 Nutrient utilization and growth -- 2.3.4 Visible deficiency symptoms -- 2.4 Freezing Tolerance -- 2.5 Dormancy -- 2.6 Morphological Development -- 2.6.1 Shoot development -- 2.6.1.1 Shoot growth -- 2.6.1.2 Diameter growth -- 2.6.1.3 Shoot system form -- 2.6.1.4 Needle color -- 2.6.2 Root development -- 2.6.2.1 Root growth -- 2.6.2.2 Root system form -- 3 ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE -- 3.1 Light -- 3.2 Humidity -- 3.3 Air Temperature -- 3.3.1 Low and freezing temperatures -- 3.3.2 High temperature.
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3.3.3 Temperature and respiration -- 3.3.4 Temperature and shoot growth -- 3.4 Wind -- 3.5 Soil -- 3.5.1 Soil temperature -- 3.5.2 Soil water -- 3.5.2.1 Low soil water -- 3.5.2.2 Excessive soil water -- 3.6 Mineral Nutrition -- 3.6.1 Nutrient uptake and internal mobilization -- 3.6.2 Effect on physiological performance -- 3.6.3 Effect on morphological development -- 3.7 Freezing Tolerance and Dormancy -- 3.7.1 Fall acclimation -- 3.7.2 Winter patterns -- 3.7.3 Spring deacclimation -- 3.7.4 Late-spring and summer frosts -- 3.7.5 Winter desiccation.
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3.8 Response to Multiple Environmental Variables -- 3.9 Response to Seasonal Cycles -- 4 PERFORMANCE RELATED TO GENETIC VARIATION -- 4.1 Introgression Between Interior and Sitka Spruce -- 4.2 Genetic Variation Between Populations During Fall Acclimation -- 4.3 Genetic Variation at the Family Level -- 4.4 Genetic Variation at the Clonal Level -- 4.4.1 Morphological variation -- 4.4.2 Physiological variation -- 5 SEEDLING RESPONSE TO SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES -- 5.1 Nursery and Preplanting Silvicultural Practices -- 5.1.1 Nursery culture -- 5.1.1.1 Short-day treatment.
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SUMMARY OR ABSTRACT
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This manual offers foresters information to help them understand the performance of spruce seedlings after being planted on a reforestation site. It was written for university students taking a regeneration silviculture class, and foresters and researchers who work with spruce species.