Intro; Acknowledgements; About This Book; Contents; Prologue; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Tanpura: Earliest Treatise and Doctrine; 1.2 Tanpura and Its Early Varieties; 1.3 Making of Tanpura; 1.4 Historical Lineage; 1.4.1 Gharana Music and Tanpura; 1.4.2 Present Scenario of Tanpura Making Industry; 1.5 Tanpura Playing; 1.6 Content and Objective; References; 2 Making of Tanpura with All Its Components, Tuning and Playing; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Constructing a Tanpura; 2.2.1 Bridge and Aara/Targah; 2.2.2 Measurements of Tanpura (Shape and Size); 2.2.3 Constructing Body of a Tanpura
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2.2.4 Decorating the Tanpura2.2.5 Polishing; 2.2.6 Rolam/Rulam (Indian Glue); 2.2.7 Fittings; 2.3 Plantation of Gourd; 2.4 Seasoning of Wood; 2.5 Tuning of Tanpura; 2.6 Present State of the Instrument Making Industry; References; 3 Objective Research Done so Far on Tanpura; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Research on Tanpura Till Date-A Brief Review; 3.3 Historical Background of Jwari; 3.4 What Is Jawari; 3.5 Acoustics and Physical Modeling of Tanpura; 3.6 Effect of Tanpura Sound on Human Brain; References; 4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Components of Tanpura; 4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Analysis of Materials4.3 Results and Discussions; 4.4 Conclusions; References; 5 Perceptual and Quantitative Evaluation of Tanpura from Its Sound; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Method of Analysis; 5.2.1 Perceptual Testing; 5.2.2 Spectral Analysis; 5.3 Experimental Method; 5.4 Results and Discussions; 5.5 Conclusion; References; 6 Acoustic Analysis of Tanpura Signals; 6.1 Introduction; 6.1.1 Experimental Details; 6.1.2 Results and Discussions; 6.2 Spectral Dynamics of the Tanpura Sounds; 6.2.1 Experimental Method; 6.2.2 Result and Discussion
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6.3 Spectral Characteristics of Steel Strings (German/Indian)6.4 Timbre Characteristics of Tanpura; 6.4.1 Method of Analysis; 6.4.2 Spectral Parameters; 6.5 New Phenomenological Model; 6.5.1 Method of Analysis; 6.5.2 Results and Discussions; References; 7 Perception of Virtual Notes While Tanpura Playing; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Experimental Procedure (Single String); 7.3 Results; 7.4 Experimental Procedure (All Strings); 7.5 Results and Discussion; References; 8 Jitter, Shimmer and Complexity Perturbation Analysis; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Analysis Method; 8.2.1 Detection of Pitch Period
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8.2.2 Measures of Perturbations8.2.3 Clustering Algorithm; 8.3 Experimental Detail; 8.4 Results and Discussions; 8.5 Conclusion; References; 9 Evaluation of Musical Quality of Tanpura by Non Linear Analysis; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 First Experiment; 9.2.1 Fractal Dimension; 9.2.2 Experimental Details; 9.2.3 Results; 9.3 Second Experiment; 9.3.1 Detrended Fluctuation Analysis; 9.3.2 Experimental Details; 9.3.3 Results and Discussion; References; Epilogue
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SUMMARY OR ABSTRACT
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This book addresses the acoustic signal analysis and spectral dynamics of the tanpura, an Indian plucked string instrument. In addition, it strives to provide a logical and objective explanation of Indian classical musicians' cognitive experience. Issues of relevance in this regard include the rich, mellifluous sound; the undulation of the loudness; the somewhat cyclical variation of the timbre, which is strongly related to these undulations; and the occasional perception of virtual notes to which no strings are tuned. The book analyses the materials used in the tanpura, the instrument's simple structure, the intricacies of the lower bridge, and the theory of string vibration with variable string length. Cognitive experiments to provide the basis for perceptual quality assessment, as well as a methodology for ranking, are described. This is followed by acoustic analyses, both temporal and spectral, for sounds produced by male and female tanpuras, for each individual string and the combined one. An important aspect related to the naturalness of perceived sound, namely the intrinsically associated random perturbations, is also discussed. The apparent irregularities perceived in the acoustic signal produced by the tanpura reveal the importance of examining the signal from the perspective of non-linear analysis, an aspect that is also covered in the book.