Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Anatomical Basis; 1: Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Urinary Tract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Upper Urinary Tract; 1.2.1 The Kidneys; 1.2.1.1 The Renal Medulla; 1.2.1.2 The Renal Cortex; 1.2.1.3 The Renal Parenchyma; The Nephron; 1.2.1.4 The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus as Site of Renin Production; 1.2.1.5 The Renal Vascular System; 1.2.1.6 The Renal Innervation; 1.2.2 The Renal Pelvis; 1.2.3 The Ureter; 1.3 Lower Urinary Tract; 1.3.1 The Urinary Bladder; 1.3.2 The Female Urethra; 1.3.3 The Male Urethra; References
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2.2.3 Release of Mediators from the Urothelium to Transduce the Sensory Information2.2.4 Expression of Sensory Receptors on the Sensory Nerves to Receive Chemical Signals from the Urothelium/Suburothelium; 2.2.5 Regulation of Urothelial Mediator Release by Neurotransmitters; 2.2.6 Other Special Properties of the Urothelium; 2.3 The Pathological Significance of the Urothelium in Bladder Function; 2.3.1 Alterations in Urothelium During Ageing; 2.3.2 Alterations to Urothelium in Pathological Conditions; 2.3.3 Urothelium as a Specific Target Tissue for Bladder Dysfunction; References
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3.7 Role of ATP and P2X3 Receptors in Bladder Sensation3.8 Nitric Oxide (NO); 3.9 Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Cation Channels; 3.9.1 TRPV1; 3.9.2 TRPA1; 3.9.3 TRPV4; 3.9.4 TRPM8; 3.10 Cannabinoids; References; 4: Spinal Cord; 4.1 Spinal Projections of Lower Urinary Tract Primary Afferent Neurons; 4.1.1 Effects of Afferents from the Urethra, Bowel and Genital Organs on Parasympathetic Activity; 4.1.1.1 Urethra; 4.1.1.2 Bowel; 4.1.1.3 Genital Organs; 4.1.2 Efferent Pathways and Reflex Control of the Lower Urinary Tract; 4.1.2.1 Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
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3: Peripheral Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract3.1 Efferent Pathways of the Lower Urinary Tract (Fig. 3.1 [1]); 3.1.1 Sacral Parasympathetic Efferent Pathways; 3.1.2 Thoracolumbar Sympathetic Efferent Pathways; 3.1.3 Sacral Somatic Efferent Pathways; 3.2 Efferent Neurotransmission; 3.2.1 Cholinergic Mechanisms; 3.2.2 Adrenergic Mechanisms; 3.2.3 Non-adrenergic, Non-cholinergic Mechanisms; 3.3 Afferent Pathways of the Lower Urinary Tract (Fig. 3.1 [1]); 3.4 Properties of Bladder Afferent Neurons; 3.5 Urothelial Afferents; 3.6 Modulation of Afferent Sensitivity
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Part II: The Innervation and Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract2: Sensor and Transducer Function of the Urothelium; 2.1 Urothelium as a Sensory Structure; 2.1.1 Urothelium and Barrier Function; 2.1.2 Alterations to Urothelial Barrier Function; 2.1.3 Urothelium as a New Sensory Structure; 2.1.4 Urothelium and Suburothelial Interstitial Cell Network as a Functional Syncytium; 2.2 Physiological Properties of the Urothelium and Polymodal Sensing; 2.2.1 Physiological Properties of the Urothelium; 2.2.2 Expression of Multiple Receptors on the Urothelium to Receive Sensory Inputs
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SUMMARY OR ABSTRACT
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This book introduce neurourology as an emerging interdisciplinary area that covers the basic and clinical studies of the neural control on the normal lower urinary tract and the lower/upper urinary tract dysfunction due to neuropathy disorders. It systematically describes all aspects of neurourology from the epidemiology of the neurogenic bladder; to the pathology and pathophysiology of the lower urinary tract; to the diagnosis and treatment of the neurogenic bladder by conservative therapies or surgeries. This book provides a useful resource for medical doctors, nurses and students in the field of neurourological conditions. All the topics are written by internationally recognized specialists in their field. Editor Limin Liao is Professor and Director of the Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, affiliated to Capital Medical University, China. Prof. Helmut Madersbacher is a Professor of Urology and em. Head of the Neurourology Unit of the University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria.