عنوان

Elements of physical chemistry /

(Number (ISBN

0198727879

(Number (ISBN

0198796706

(Number (ISBN

9780198727873

(Number (ISBN

9780198796701

Title Proper

Elements of physical chemistry /

General Material Designation

[Book]

First Statement of Responsibility

Peter Atkins, University of Oxford, Julio de Paula, Lewis & Clark College ; with contributions from David Smith, University of Bristol.

Edition Statement

7th edition.

Place of Publication, Distribution, etc.

Oxford, United Kingdom :

Name of Publisher, Distributor, etc.

Oxford University Press,

Date of Publication, Distribution, etc.

[2017]

Specific Material Designation and Extent of Item

xxv, 626 pages :

Other Physical Details

illustrations (some color) ;

Dimensions

27 cm

Text of Note

Includes index.

Text of Note

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Text of Note

Machine generated contents note: 1A.The perfect gas -- 1A.1.The perfect gas equation of state -- 1A.2.Using the perfect gas law -- 1A.3.Mixtures of gases: partial pressures -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 1B.The kinetic model of gases -- 16.1.The pressure of a gas according to the kinetic model -- 16.2.The root-mean-square speed of gas molecules -- 16.3.The Maxwell distribution of speeds -- 1B.4.Diffusion and effusion -- 1B.5.Molecular collisions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 1C.Real gases -- 1C.1.Molecular interactions -- 1C.2.The critical temperature -- 1C.3.The compression factor -- 1C.4.The virial equation of state -- 1C.5.The van der Waals equation of state -- 1C.6.The liquefaction of gases -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 2A.Work -- 2A.1.Systems and surroundings -- 2A.2.Expansion work -- 2A.3.Reversible expansion -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 2B.Heat -- 2B.1.Conventions -- 2B.2.Heat capacity

Text of Note

Note continued: 10A.Electric properties of molecules -- 10A.1.Electric dipole moments -- 10A.2.Dipole moments of polyatomic molecules -- 10A.3.Polarizabilities -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 10B.Interactions between molecules -- 10B.1.Interactions between partial charges -- 10B.2.Charge-dipole interactions -- 10B.3.Dipole-dipole interactions -- 10B.4.Dipole-induced dipole interactions -- 10B.5.Dispersion interactions -- 10B.6.Hydrogen bonding -- 10B.7.The hydrophobic effect -- 10B.8.Modelling the total interaction -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 11A.General features of molecular spectroscopy -- 11A.1.Spectrometers -- 11A.2.Absorption and emission -- 11A.3.Raman scattering -- 11A.4.Linewidths -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 11B.Rotational spectroscopy -- 11B.1.The rotational energy levels of molecules -- 11B.2.Forbidden and allowed rotational states -- 11B.3.Populations at thermal equilibrium

Text of Note

Note continued: 11B.4.Microwave spectroscopy -- 11B.5.Rotational Raman spectra -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 11C.Vibrational spectroscopy -- 11C.1.The vibrations of molecules -- 11C.2.Vibrational transitions -- 11C.3.Anharmonicity -- 11C.4.Vibrational Raman spectra of diatomic molecules -- 11C.5.The vibrations of polyatomic molecules -- 11C.6.Vibration-rotation spectra -- 11C.7.Vibrational Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 11D.Electronic spectroscopy -- 11D.1.Ultraviolet and visible spectra -- 11D.2.Specific types of transitions -- 11D.3.Analysis of mixtures by electronic spectroscopy -- 11D.4.Photoelectron spectroscopy -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 11E.The decay of excited states -- 11E.1.Fluorescence and phosphorescence -- 11E.2.Mechanism of decay of excited states -- 11E.3.Quenching -- 11E.4.Resonance energy transfer -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects

Text of Note

Note continued: 12A.The Boltzmann distribution -- 12A.1.The population of states -- 12A.2.The general form of the Boltzmann distribution -- 12A.3.The origins of the Boltzmann distribution -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 12B.The partition function -- 12B.1.The interpretation of the partition function -- 12B.2.The molecular partition function -- 12B.3.The translational partition function -- 12B.4.The rotational partition function -- 12B.5.The vibrational partition function -- 12B.6.The electronic partition function -- 12B.7.The significance of the molecular partition function -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 12C.The origin of thermodynamic properties -- 12C.1.The internal energy -- 12C.2.The heat capacity -- 12C.3.The entropy -- 12C.4.The Gibbs energy -- 12C.5.The equilibrium constant -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- Part 1 Common integrals -- Part 2 Units -- Part 3 Data.

Text of Note

Note continued: 2B.3.Calorimetry -- 2B.4.Heat influx during expansion -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 2C.Internal energy -- 2C.1.The internal energy -- 2C.2.The internal energy as a state function -- 2C.3.Changes in the internal energy -- 2C.4.The molecular basis of the internal energy -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 2D.Enthalpy -- 2D.1.The definition of enthalpy -- 2D.2.Changes in enthalpy -- 2D.3.The temperature dependence of the enthalpy -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 2E.Physical change -- 2E.1.The enthalpy of phase transition -- 2E.2.Ionization and electron attachment -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 2F.Chemical change -- 2F.1.Bond dissociation -- 2F.2.Enthalpies of combustion -- 2F.3.The combination of reaction enthalpies -- 2F.4.Standard enthalpies of formation -- 2F.5.The variation of reaction enthalpy with temperature -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 3A.Entropy

Text of Note

Note continued: 3A.1.The direction of spontaneous change -- 3A.2.Entropy and the Second Law -- 3A.3.Heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 3B.Entropy changes -- 3B.1.The entropy change accompanying a change in volume -- 3B.2.The entropy change accompanying a change in temperature -- 3B.3.The entropy change accompanying a phase transition -- 3B.4.Entropy changes in the surroundings -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 3C.Absolute entropy -- 3C.1.The Third Law of thermodynamics -- 3C.2.The molecular interpretation of entropy -- 3C.3.Residual entropy -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 3D.The Gibbs energy -- 3D.1.The standard reaction entropy -- 3D.2.The spontaneity of chemical reactions -- 3D.3.Focusing on the system -- 3D.4.Properties of the Gibbs energy -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 4A.The thermodynamics of transition -- 4A.1.The condition of stability

Text of Note

Note continued: 4A.2.The variation of Gibbs energy with pressure -- 4A.3.The variation of Gibbs energy with temperature -- 4A.4.The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 4B.Phase diagrams of pure substances -- 4B.1.Phase boundaries -- 4B.2.The location of phase boundaries -- 4B.3.Characteristic points -- 4B.4.The phase rule -- 4B.5.Phase diagrams of typical materials -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 4C.Partial molar quantities -- 4C.1.Partial molar volume -- 4C.2.The chemical potential -- 4C.3.Spontaneous mixing -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 4D.Solutions -- 4D.1.Ideal solutions -- 4D.2.The chemical potential of the solvent -- 4D.3.Ideal-dilute solutions -- 4D.4.The chemical potential of the solute -- 4D.5.Real solutions: activities -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 4E.Colligative properties -- 4E.1.The modification of boiling and freezing points -- 4E.2.Osmosis -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 4F.Phase diagrams of mixtures

Text of Note

Note continued: 4F.1.Mixtures of volatile liquids -- 4F.2.Liquid-liquid phase diagrams -- 4F.3.Liquid-solid phase diagrams -- 4F.4.Zone refining -- 4F.5.The Nernst distribution law -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 5A.The thermodynamics of reaction -- 5A.1.The reaction Gibbs energy -- 5A.2.The variation of ArG with composition -- 5A.3.Reactions at equilibrium -- 5A.4.The standard reaction Gibbs energy -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5B.The equilibrium constant -- 5B.1.The composition at equilibrium -- 5B.2.The equilibrium constant in terms of concentration -- 5B.3.The molecular interpretation of equilibrium constants -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5C.Response to conditions -- 5C.1.The effect of temperature -- 5C.2.The effect of compression -- 5C.3.The presence of a catalyst -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5D.Proton transfer equilibria -- 5D.1.Bronsted-Lowry theory -- 5D.2.Protonation and deprotonation

Text of Note

Note continued: 5J.3.The variation of potential with pH -- 5J.4.The electrochemical series -- 5J.5.The combination of standard potentials -- 5J.6.Thermodynamic data from standard potentials -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 6A.Empirical chemical kinetics -- 6A.1.The definition of rate -- 6A.2.Experimental techniques -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6B.Rate laws -- 6B.1.The rate constant -- 6B.2.Reaction order -- 6B.3.The determination of the rate law -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6C.Integrated rate laws -- 6C.1.Zeroth-order reactions -- 6C.2.First-order reactions -- 6C.3.Second-order reactions of the type A -> products -- 6C.4.Second-order reactions of the type A + B -> products -- 6C.5.Half-lives -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6D.The temperature dependence of reaction rates -- 6D.1.The Arrhenius parameters -- 6D.2.Collision theory of gas-phase reactions -- 6D.3.Transition-state theory

Text of Note

Note continued: 8A.3.The s orbitals -- 8A.4.The p and d orbitals -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 8B.Many-electron atoms -- 8B.1.The orbital approximation -- 8B.2.Electron spin -- 8B.3.The Pauli principle -- 8B.4.Penetration and shielding -- 8B.5.The building-up principle -- 8B.6.The occupation of d orbitals -- 8B.7.The configurations of cations and anions -- 8B.8.Self-consistent field orbitals -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 8C.Periodic trends of atomic properties -- 8C.1.Atomic and ionic radii -- 8C.2.Ionization energy and electron affinity -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 8D.Atomic spectroscopy -- 8D.1.The spectra of hydrogenic atoms -- 8D.2.The energies of many-electron atoms -- 8D.3.Spin-orbit coupling -- 8D.4.Selection rules for many-electron atoms -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 9A.Valence bond theory -- 9A.1.Diatomic molecules -- 9A.2.Polyatomic molecules -- 9A.3.Promotion and hybridization

Text of Note

Note continued: 9A.4.Resonance -- 9A.5.The language of valence bond theory -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 9B.Molecular orbital theory: homonuclear diatomics -- 9B.1.The construction of molecular orbitals -- 9B.2.Bonding and antibonding orbitals -- 9B.3.Inversion symmetry -- 9B.4.The chemical bond in molecular orbital theory -- 9B.5.Many-electron homonuclear diatomics -- 9B.6.The configurations of Period 2 homonuclear diatomics -- 9B.7.The criteria for building molecular orbitals -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 9C.Molecular orbital theory: heteronuclear diatomics -- 9C.1.Polar bonds -- 9C.2.The formulation of molecular orbitals -- 9C.3.Molecular orbital diagrams -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 9D.Molecular orbital theory: polyatomic molecules -- 9D.1.The molecular orbitals of H20 -- 9D.2.The Huckel method -- 9D.3.The molecular orbitals of benzene -- 9D.4.Computational chemistry -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects

Text of Note

Note continued: Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5E.Polyprotic acids -- 5E.1.Successive deprotonation -- 5E.2.Speciation -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5F.Acid-base equilibria of salts in water -- 5F.1.The pH of salt solutions -- 5F.2.Acid-base titrations -- 5F.3.Buffer action -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5G.Solubility equilibria -- 5G.1.The solubility constant -- 5G.2.The common-ion effect -- 5G.3.The effect of added salts on solubility -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5H.Ions in solution -- 5H.1.Mean activity coefficients -- 5H.2.The Debye-Huckel theory -- 5H.3.The migration of ions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5I.Electrochemical cells -- 5I.1.Half-reactions and electrodes -- 5I.2.Reactions at electrodes -- 5I.3.Varieties of cell -- 5I.4.The cell reaction -- 5I.5.The cell potential -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 5J.Standard potentials -- 5J.1.The contributions of individual electrodes -- 5J.2.Equilibrium constants from standard potentials

Text of Note

Note continued: Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6E.The approach to equilibrium -- 6E.1.Equilibria and rates -- 6E.2.Relaxation -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6F.Reaction mechanisms -- 6F.1.Elementary reactions -- 6F.2.The formulation of rate laws -- 6F.3.Consecutive reactions -- 6F.4.Pre-equilibrium -- 6F.5.The steady-state approximation -- 6F.6.The rate-determining step -- 6F.7.Kinetic control -- 6F.8.Unimolecular reactions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6G.Reactions in solution -- 6G.1.Activation control and diffusion control -- 6G.2.Diffusion -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6H.Homogeneous catalysis -- 6H.1.The Michaelis-Menten mechanism of enzyme catalysis -- 6H.2.The analysis of rates of enzyme-catalysed reactions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 6I.Heterogeneous catalysis -- 6I.1.Physisorption and chemisorption -- 6I.2.Adsorption isotherms -- 6I.3.Mechanisms of surface-catalysed reactions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts

Text of Note

Note continued: Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 7A.The emergence of quantum theory -- 7A.1.The evidence for discrete energies -- 7A.2.The evidence for radiation as particles -- 7A.3.The evidence for particles as waves -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 7B.The dynamics of microscopic systems -- 7B.1.The Schrodinger equation -- 7B.2.The Born interpretation -- 7B.3.The uncertainty principle -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 7C.Translation -- 7C.1.Motion in one dimension -- 7C.2.Tunnelling -- 7C.3.Motion in two dimensions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 7D.Rotation -- 7D.1.Rotation in two dimensions -- 7D.2.Rotation in three dimensions -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- 7E.Vibration -- 7E.1.The harmonic oscillator -- 7E.2.The quantum mechanical treatment -- Checklist Of Key Concepts -- Exercises, discussion questions, problems, and projects -- 8A.Hydrogenic atoms -- 8A.1.The permitted energies of hydrogenic atoms -- 8A.2.Quantum numbers

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This revision of the introductory textbook of physical chemistry has been designed to broaden its appeal, particularly to students with an interest in biological applications.

Chemistry, Physical and theoretical.

Chemistry, Physical and theoretical.

Science.

Number

Edition

Class number

Book number

Class number

Book Number

Atkins, P. W., (Peter William),1940-

De Paula, Julio

Date of Transaction

20200822092517.0

Cataloguing Rules (Descriptive Conventions))

rda

Electronic name

[Book]

Y