Intro; Preface; Contents; Symbols and Abbreviations; 1: Introduction; 1.1 The Complex Nature of Polymers; 1.2 Column-Based Liquid Chromatography of Polymers; 1.3 Field-Flow Fractionation; 1.3.1 Mechanism of FFF; 1.3.2 Subtechniques of Field-Flow Fractionation; References; 2: Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation (ThFFF); 2.1 Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation as a Powerful Alternative to Column-Based Liquid Chromatography; 2.2 Thermal Diffusion of Polymers; 2.3 Carrier Liquid Characteristics; 2.3.1 Aqueous Carrier Liquids; 2.3.2 Carrier Liquid Viscosity; 2.3.3 Polymer Solubility
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2.3.3.1 Good Solvents2.3.3.2 Poor Solvents; 2.3.3.3 Theta Solvent; 2.3.4 Carrier Liquid Polarity; 2.3.5 Binary Solvent Carrier Liquids and Thermal Diffusion; 2.4 Determining Chemical Composition from ThFFF; 2.5 Recent Advances and Applications; 2.5.1 ThFFF with Organic Carrier Liquids; 2.5.2 ThFFF with Aqueous Carrier Liquids; References; 3: Applications and Experimental Design; 3.1 Instrumentation; 3.1.1 ThFFF; 3.1.2 Detection; 3.1.2.1 Differential Refractive Index Detection (dRI); 3.1.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering Detector (DLS); 3.1.2.3 Multiangle Laser Light Scattering Detection (MALLS)
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3.1.3 1H NMR Spectroscopy3.2 Example 1: Chemical Composition of Block Copolymers; 3.2.1 Characterisation of Polystyrene-poly(butyl acrylate) and Polystyrene-poly(methyl acrylate) Diblock Copolymers [5, 6]; 3.2.2 Characterization of Polystyrene-poly(t-butyl acrylate)-poly(methyl methacrylate) Linear Triblock Copolymer [6]; 3.3 Example 2: Microstructure Analysis; 3.3.1 Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene [18]; 3.3.2 Isotactic and Syndiotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate) [17]; 3.3.3 Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) and Poly(t-butyl methacrylate) [19]; 3.4 Example 3: Solvent Partitioning [29]
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3.5 Example 4: Self-Assemblies in Organic Carrier Liquids3.5.1 Characterisation of PB-PS Micelles According to Corona Composition [49]; 3.5.2 Characterisation of PB-PS Micelles According to Core Composition [54]; 3.5.3 Characterisation of PS-PEO Self-Assemblies According to Morphology [60]; 3.6 Example 5: Aqueous ThFFF; 3.6.1 Poly(methacrylic acid) and Poly(vinyl pyridine) [78]; 3.6.1.1 Isotactic and Syndiotactic PMAA; 3.6.1.2 Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) and Poly(2-vinyl pyridine); 3.6.2 Cationic and Anionic Charged Self-Assemblies [79]; 3.6.2.1 PMAA-PMMA Micelles
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3.6.2.2 P2VP-PS and P4VP-PS MicellesReferences; 4: Conclusions and Future Trends; 5: Troubleshooting; 5.1 Spacer and Temperature Drop; 5.2 Cold Wall Temperature; 5.3 Carrier Liquid; 5.3.1 Type of Analyte; 5.3.2 Convenience; 5.3.3 Physical Properties; 5.3.4 Carrier Liquid Composition; 5.4 Determining Diffusion Coefficients for Complex Samples; 5.5 Poor Resolution; 5.6 Low Solute Recovery and Peak Shape; 5.7 Relaxation Time and Flow Rate Effects; 5.8 Overloading; 5.9 Sample Preparation; 5.10 Excessively High Pressure; 5.10.1 High Pump Pressure; 5.10.2 High Channel Pressure; 5.10.3 Detectors
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SUMMARY OR ABSTRACT
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This book introduces the reader to thermal field-flow fractionation and discusses its advantages over the fundamental problems associated with traditional column-based analytical techniques commonly used to characterize polymers and macromolecules. The authors discuss the theoretical background, equipment, experimental procedures as well as the recent advances and applications of thermal field-flow fractionation. Complete with several practical examples and troubleshooting guidelines, the book is written for beginners and experienced separation scientists alike and will enable its readers to optimize their experimental conditions for their specific separation needs and problems.