Introduction.- Deserts of the Middle East.- Climatic Aridity in the Deserts of the Middle East.- Topography and Plant Life.- Plants in the Arabic Heritage.- Adaptations of Desert Plants.- Adaptations that Increase Water Absorption.- Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss.- Adaptational Traits that Resist and/or Tolerate Drought.- Adaptations that Engender Escape from Drought.- Adaptation to Desiccation.- Adaptations of Plants to Saline Conditions in Arid Regions.