Ulama and modernity : a reappraisal -- Part one. the Ulama of Egypt -- A historical sketch -- Modernization and protest -- Part two. Azharis and the Urabi revolt, 1881-1882 -- Islam and dissidence -- In defense of religion and homeland -- Exile as a prism for cultural interaction -- Part three. confronting a changing world -- Debating Islam -- Al-Azhar and the Egyptian nation-state -- Ulama in the Middle East : a comparative perspective