Introduction: steps toward a pragmatist theory of action. 1. Pragmatism in American sociology. -- Pragmatism and classical European social theory. 2. Durkheim and pragmatism: the psychology of consciousness and the social constitution of categories. -- 3. An underestimated alternative: America and the limits of "critical theory." -- 4. American pragmatism and German thought: a history of misunderstandings. -- Pragmatism and contemporary social theory. 5. The unhappy marriage of hermeneutics and functionalism: Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative action. -- 6. Institutionalization as a creative process: the sociological importance of Cornelius Castoriadis's political philosophy. -- 7. A sociological transformation of the philosophy of Praxis: Anthony Giddens's theory of structuration. -- 8. The antinomies of neofunctionalism: a critical essay on Jeffrey Alexander. -- 9. Role theories and socialization research. -- Conclusion: The creativity of action and the intersubjectivity of reason, Mead's pragmatism and social theory