This volume offers a look at the fundamental issues of present and future AI, especially from cognitive science, computer science, neuroscience and philosophy. This work examines the conditions for artificial intelligence, how these relate to the conditions for intelligence in humans and other natural agents, as well as ethical and societal problems that artificial intelligence raises or will raise. The key issues this volume investigates include the relation of AI and cognitive science, ethics of AI and robotics, brain emulation and simulation, hybrid systems and cyborgs, intelligence and intelligence testing, interactive systems, multi-agent systems, and super intelligence. Based on the 2nd conference on "Theory and Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence" held in Oxford, the volume includes prominent researchers within the field from around the world 2.7.4 Offline and Online Mechanisms2.7.4.1 Fixed and Variable Computation Costs; 2.7.5 Looking Further Ahead; 2.8 Summary; References; 3 Computation and Multiple Realizability; 3.1 Multiple Realization Introduced, Criticized, and Made More Precise; 3.2 When Are Computations Multiply Realized?; 3.3 Organizational Invariance and Substrate Neutrality; References; 4 When Thinking Never Comes to a Halt: Using Formal Methods in Making Sure Your AI Gets the Job DoneGood Enough; 4.1 Introduction: The Importance of Formal Analysis for Cognitive Systems Research; 4.2 Complexity and Cognition 4.3 Theoretical Foundation: The Tractable AGI Thesis4.4 Worked Example: Complex Analogies in HDTP; 4.4.1 The Motivation Behind It; 4.4.2 The Formal Analysis; 4.4.3 Interpretation of the Results; 4.5 Setting Limits to Heuristics in Cognitive Systems; 4.5.1 The Reduction Perspective; 4.5.2 The Approximation Perspective; 4.5.3 Joining Perspectives; 4.6 The Importance of Formal Analysis for Cognitive Systems Research Revisited; 4.7 Conclusion: Limiting the Limits; References; 5 Machine Intelligence and the Ethical Grammar of Computability; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The Lures of Imitation 5.3 The Ethical Grammar of Computability5.4 Conclusion; References; 6 Is There a Role for Computation in the Enactive Paradigm?; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Naturalized Account of Computation; 6.2.1 Constraints and Organized Physical Systems; 6.2.2 Structural and Syntactical Abstractions; 6.2.3 Naturalizing the Observer; 6.2.4 Naturalized Computation; 6.3 Computation in the Enactive Paradigm; 6.4 Conclusion; References; 7 Natural Recursion Doesn't Work That Way: Automata in Planning and Syntax; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Recursion by Value Is Semantics with a Syntactic Label 7.3 Syntax-Specific Recursion Is Not Recursion by Name7.4 Recursion by Name Is Probably Not Natural; 7.5 Recursion by Value Is Not Species-Specific; 7.6 Human Recursion; 7.6.1 Embedded Push-Down Automata for Syntactic Recursion; 7.6.2 Embedded Push-Down Automata for Human Recursion; 7.7 Discussion; 7.8 Conclusion; References; Part II Information; 8 AI, Quantum Information, and External Semantic Realism: Searle's Observer-Relativity andChinese Room, Revisited; 8.1 Introduction: Searle's Chinese Room and Observer-Relativity Arguments
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Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters