عنوان

Geothermal energy

9781420075700 (hardcover : alk. paper)

IR

E-8371

انگلیسی

IR

Geothermal energy

[Book]

:renewable energy and the environment

/ William E. Glassley

Boca Raton

: CRC Press,

, c2010.

xxi, 290 p., [8] p. of plates

: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.)

; 27 cm.

(Energy and the environment.)

Print - Electronic

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- The Global Energy Landscape -- The Historical Role of Fuel -- The Impact of Population Growth and per Capita Energy Use -- Fuel Emissions and Environmental Considerations -- Geothermal Energy as a Renewable Energy Source -- No Fuel, Few Emissions -- Geothermal Energy Is a Flexible Energy Resource -- Electrical Demand and the Characteristics of Geothermal Energy -- Generating Electrical Power for the Grid -- Generating Electrical Power for Local Use -- How This Book Is Organized -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information Sources -- Chapter 2. Sources of Geothermal Heat: Earth as a Heat Engine -- Origin of Earth's Heat -- Heat from Formation of the Core -- Heat from Radioactive Decay of Long-Lived Isotopes -- Transfer of Heat in the Earth -- Radiation -- Conduction -- Convection -- Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Geothermal Resources -- Availability and Utilization of Geothermal Energy -- Synopsis -- Case Studies -- Spreading Centers -- Subduction Zones -- Hot Spots -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 3. Thermodynamics and Geothermal Systems -- The First Law of Thermodynamics: The Equivalence of Heat and Work and the Conservation of Energy -- Conservation of Energy -- Internal Energy -- PV Work -- Enthalpy -- The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Inevitable Increase of Entropy -- Efficiency -- Carnot Cycle -- Heat Capacity -- Entropy -- Gibbs Function and Gibbs Energy (ΔG) -- The Standard State -- Thermodynamic Efficiency -- Case Study: The Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Rock-Water Interaction -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 4. Subsurface Fluid Flow: The Hydrology of Geothermal Systems -- A General Model for Subsurface Fluid Flow -- Matrix Porosity and Permeability -- Definition of Matrix Permeability -- The Kozeny-Carman Equation -- Hydraulic Conductivity -- Fracture Porosity and Permeability -- Fracture Permeability -- Fracture Transmissivity -- Effect of Depth on Porosity and Permeability -- Hydrologic Properties of Real Geothermal Systems -- Case Study: Long Valley Caldera -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 5. Chemistry of Geothermal Fluids -- Why the Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluids Matters -- Water as a Chemical Agent -- Components and Chemical Systems -- Chemical Potentials, μ, and Gibbs Energy -- Activity, α -- Saturation and The Law of Mass Action -- Equilibrium Constants -- Activity Coefficients, γ -- Affinity -- Ion Exchange -- Kinetics of Geothermal Reactions -- Gases in Geothermal Fluids -- Gas Partitioning between Liquid and Vapor -- Fluid Flow and Mixing in Natural Systems -- Simulating Reactive Transport -- Case Study: The Silica System -- Synopsis -- References -- Chapter 6. Exploring for Geothermal Systems -- Field Geology and Surface Manifestations -- Volcanoes: Active and Dormant -- Faulting and Associated Rock Alteration -- Surface Deposits -- Geochemistry as an Exploration Tool -- Fluid Composition and Geothermometry -- Isotopes -- Geophysics as an Exploration Tool -- Aeromagnetic Surveys -- Resistivity and Magnetotelluric Surveys -- Gravity Surveys -- Seismicity and Reflection Seismology -- Temperature Measurements -- Remote Sensing as an Exploration Tool: A Promising New Technique -- Multispectral Studies -- Case Study: Fallon, Nevada -- Synposis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 7. Resource Assessments -- Assessing a Geothermal Resource -- Resource Base and Reserves -- Uncertainty -- Establishing the Reservoir Volume -- Establishing the Reservoir Heat Content -- The Significance of Heat Capacity -- Efficiency of Heat Extraction -- Case Study: Establishing the United States Geothermal Resource -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 8. Drilling -- Background -- Drilling for Ground Source Heat Pump and Direct Use Applications -- Drilling Equipment and Technology -- Drilling Fluid and Circulation -- Properties of Drilling Fluids -- Well Completion -- Environmental Issues -- Drilling for Geothermal Fluids for Power Generation -- Drilling Rigs -- Confining Pressure and Rock Strength -- Temperature and Drilling Fluid Stability -- Casing and Grouting -- Packers -- Lost Circulation -- Directional Drilling -- Case Study: Kakkonda, Japan -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 9. Generating Power Using Geothermal Resources -- The History of Geothermal Power Production -- General Features of Geothermal Power Generation Facilities -- Dry Steam Resources -- Hydrothermal Systems -- Flashing -- Steam Quality -- Dual-Flash Systems -- The End State: Condensers and Cooling Towers -- Binary Generation Facilities: The Organic Rankine Cycle -- Case Study: The Geysers -- Geology -- Power Generation History -- Emissions -- Sustainability and Reinjection -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 10. Low Temperature Geothermal Resources: Ground Source Heat Pumps -- Basic Heat Pump Principles -- Thermodynamics of Heat Pumps -- Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) -- Near-Surface Thermal Reservoir -- Solar Insolation -- Soil Characteristics -- Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity of Soils -- Design Considerations for Closed-Loop Systems -- Heating and Cooling Loads -- Calculating Loop Length -- Case Study: Weaverville -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 11. Direct Use of Geothermal Resources -- Assessing the Magnitude of the Direct Use Reservoir -- The Nature of Thermal Energy Transfer -- Heat Transfer by Conduction -- Heat Transfer by Convection -- Heat Transfer by Radiation -- Heat Transfer by Evaporation -- Establishing the Feasibility of a Direct Use Application -- District Heating -- Evaluation and Operation -- Managing Return Temperature -- Piping and Heat Loss -- Materials Compatibility and Fluid Chemistry -- Aquaculture -- Drying -- Case Study: Canby Cascaded System -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information -- Chapter 12. Use of Geothermal Resources: Environmental Considerations -- Emissions -- Carbon Dioxide -- Hydrogen Sulfide -- Mercury -- Solute Load and Resource Recovery -- Seismicity -- Mechanics of Seismic Events -- Shear Stress, Normal Stress, and Frictional Strength -- Pore Water -- Seismic Activity Associated with Geothermal Projects -- Seismicity Associated with Injection of Cool Water -- Rupture Area and Magnitude -- Seismicity Associated with Fluid Extraction -- Seismicity Associated with High-Pressure Injection of Fluid to Enhance Reservoir Permeability -- Ground Subsidence -- Water Use -- Land Use -- Synopsis -- References -- Additional Information -- Chapter 13. Use of Geothermal Resources: Economic Considerations -- Economics of Geothermal Power -- Capacity Factors -- Levelized Costs -- Economics of R&D Investment in Geothermal Energy -- Technology Evolution and S-Curves -- Projected Energy Costs -- Developing a Geothermal Project -- Rights to Develop a Resource and Permitting -- Initial Resource Assessments -- Refining the Resource Assessment through Exploration Drilling -- Production Wells and Feasibility Study -- Synopsis -- References -- Chapter 14. The Geothermal Energy Future: Possibilities and Issues -- Geopressured Resources -- Magnitude of the Resource -- Why Geopressured Reservoirs Form -- Challenges to Development -- Fluid Chemistry -- Reinjection -- Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) -- Magnitude of the Resource -- Technological Requirements -- EGS Efforts to Date -- Drilling and Downhole Equipment -- Drilling Fluids -- High-Temperature Downhole Equipment -- Reservoir Engineering -- Reservoir Management for Sustainability -- Synopsis -- References -- Further Information.

"Historically, cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, use of geothermal energy has been limited to areas where obvious surface features pointed to the presence of a shallow local heat source, such as hot springs and volcanoes. However, recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as modular power generation, home heating, and other applications that can use heat directly. These recent developments have greatly expanded opportunities for utilizing geothermal energy. Reflecting current interest in alternative energy, Geothermal Energy; Renewable Energy and the Environment explores where geothermal energy comes from and how to find it, how it can be accessed, successful applications, and improvements for future uses.

The author reviews the background, theory, power generation, applications, strengths, weaknesses, and practical techniques for implementing geothermal energy projects. He stresses the links between acquisition and consumption and the environment. Packed with real world case studies and practical implementation steps, the book covers geosciences principles, exploration concepts and methods, drilling operations and techniques, equipment needs, and economic and environmental topics. Each chapter includes an annotated list of key sources that provide useful information beyond that contained in the text.

The minor environmental impacts caused by geothermal energy give it the potential to play an important role in the transition from fossil fuels to more sustainable fuels. Successful deployment, however, requires that the resource be matched to the application being developed. Rigorously covering all aspects of geothermal energy, this book provides up-to-date scientific information that can be used to discern applications and regions best suited for geothermal energy."--BOOK JACKET.

Energy and the environment (Boca Raton, Fla.)

Geothermal engineering.

Geothermal resources.

Geothermal resources--Environmental aspects

Glassley, William E

ایران

Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment /

عادی

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E-8371

انگلیسی

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