Introduction: what is ophthalmology? -- Medical student aims -- Social and occupational aspects of vision -- Taking the history and recording the findings -- Visual acuity in adults -- Examination of visual fields -- Other visual functions -- Basic optics and refraction -- Glasses, contact lenses, and low-vision aids -- External eye and anterior segment -- Posterior segment and retina -- Use of eye drops -- The red eye -- More on the red eye -- Ophthalmic trauma principles and management of chemical injuries -- Specific features of blunt and sharp injuries -- Sudden painful loss of vision in a non-inflammed eye -- Sudden painless loss of vision -- Gradual loss of vision -- Visual acuity in children -- Strabismus (squints) -- Neonates -- Infants and older children -- Common eyelid lumps -- Common eyelid malpositions -- Lacrimal (tearing) -- Basic orbital assessment -- Orbital and thyroid eye disease -- Common conditions affecting the external eye -- Common conditions affecting the cornea -- Therapeutic contact lenses -- Corneal and laser photorefractive surgery -- Cataract assessment -- Cataract surgery -- Cataract surgery postoperative care -- Glaucoma-the basics -- Detecting glaucoma -- Medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma -- Retinal detachment -- Retinal and choroidal anatomy and imaging -- Inherited retinal dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration -- Diabetic retionopathy classification and typical lesions -- Diabetic retionopathy treatment -- Retinal vein occlusion -- Retinal artery obstruction -- HIV infection and AIDS -- Pupil abnormalities -- Optic nerve disease -- Cranial nerve palsies and eye movement disorders -- Visual fields defects.