Dreams have fascinated and perplexed the Islamic community from its earliest days. Maintaining the dream lore of the Arab tribes of pre-Islamic times and fascinated by a variety of foreign legacies, while being committed to the sacred texts of the Qurʾān and ḥadīth , mediaeval Islamic scholars produced a vast amount of dream literature, most of which was dedicated to the interpretation of dreams (taʿbīr) . In Qurʾānic and post-Qurʾānic texts, four terms denote "dream": manām, ḥulm, ruʾyā , and bushra (Kinberg, Dreams and sleep, 546; Fahd, Ruʾyā (1), 645; Mirza,