In Islam, the Devil (Satan) is not, as a rule, seen as the source of absolute evil operating independently of God. His role in Muslim exegetical, mythical, ethical, mystical, and literary traditions is rich and variegated. This entry deals with the Qurʾānic image of the Devil; the mythic biography of the Devil as fleshed out in exegetical literature and in the ḥadīth ; the Devil's role in ethical and ascetic literature; the Devil as muse in poetry and music; the Devil as tragic figure in Muslim mystical thought; and modern