Cemal Paşa (Cemāl Paşa, 1289/1872-1922) was born Ahmed (Aḥmed) Cemal on 27 Safar (Ṣafar) 1289/6 May 1872, in Mytilene, on the north Aegean island of Midilli (Lesbos). His father was Mehmed Nesib, a military pharmacist. Ahmed Cemal graduated from the Kuleli Askeri İdadisi (Kuleli ʿAskerī İʿdādīsi, Kuleli Military High School) in Istanbul in 1890, from the Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane (Mekteb-i Ḥarbiyye Şāhāne, Royal Military Academy) in 1893, and from the Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi (Erkān-ı Ḥarbiyye Mektebi, Staff Office College) in 1895, after