Baḥya b. Paqūda of Saragossa wrote the Judaeo-Arabic classic Kitāb al-hidāya ilā farāʾiḍ al-qulūb ("Guidebook to the duties of the heart") (c. 440-70/1050-80)-translated into Hebrew by Yehuda (Judah) Ibn Tibbon as Ḥovot ha-levavot ("Duties of the heart")-a work that creatively integrates rabbinic Judaism, rationalist theology (kalām) , Neoplatonic philosophy, and Islamic mysticism (Ṣūfism). We know little about Baḥya other than his book. In the introduction to his translation, Ibn Tibbon informs us that Baḥya was a dayyan , a judge of the rabbinical