Atil is the Turkic name of the Volga River and is given in Islamic sources as the name of the Khazar capital located on the Volga's estuary on the Caspian Sea. Turkic Ätil (cf. Tatar İdel "Volga; great river") derives perhaps from *as-til ("great river"), from which the name Attila may also stem. In the sources it appears as Arabic ʾTl, Ātl, ʾThl, Khazar-Hebrew ʾṬl, ʾṬīl, Armenian Atʿl, Tʿald, Byzantine Greek Ἀτήλ, Ἀττίλαν, etc., and Ἀστηλ ("the river of Khazaria; it is also a town"; Golden, 1: