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ALei1111
انگلیسی
Artisans, Ottoman and post-Ottoman - Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
[Article]
Quataert, Donald
Leiden
Brill
(3,348 words)
Artisans in Ottoman and post-Ottoman times were workers commercially engaged in the hand manufacture of goods; they worked in homes, workshops, and, sometimes, large factories. Large-scale hand manufacturing fluctuated over time and place, but it was a regular feature of the Ottoman artisanal landscape and has persisted into the contemporary era, despite ongoing mechanisation of production in nearly every industrial sector. The term "artisan" implies both a certain level of skill and an end product that is chiefly handmade. Beginning in the nineteenth century, several trends affected artisans.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
9789004356665
Islam.
Quataert, Donald
مطالعه متن کتاب [Article]
275578
a
Y
