Ahmed Rıza (Aḥmed Rıḍā, 1858-1930) was the only son of İngiliz (English) Ali (ʿAlī), a member of the State Council and the Senate, who had been given this nickname because he adopted a British style of dress and socialised with British officers during the Crimean War. Under the supervision of his mother Naile (Nāʾile), an elite Austrian who had converted to Islam, Ahmed Rıza received a Western-style education from private tutors. He attended the Mahreç-i Aklam (Makhrec-i Aqlām), a product of the Tanzimat (Tanẓīmāt) aimed at