Ahmad Rifaʾi (or Ripangi) - Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
[Article]
Steenbrink, Karel A.
Leiden
Brill
(1,135 words)
Ahmad Rifaʾi (or Ripangi) (c. 1786-1876), one of the most radical Islamic reformers of nineteenth-century Java, was born in Kendal, Java, and died in exile in Ambon. Ripangi, as he is usually known in Java, was the sixth son of Raden Kyai Haji Muhammad Abu Sujak, also known by his Javanese name, Raden Sutawijaya, a penghulu (the highest level of religious official) in the Residency of Kendal. The position of penghulu in Kendal was subsequently held by a son of Sutawijaya's older brother, and it was this