Planaria : short introduction / Robert B. Raffa -- Brain and neural networks / Kaneyasu Nishimura [and others] -- Gene expression in the brain and central nervous system in planarians / Katsuhiko Mineta, Kazuho Ikeo, Takashi Gojobori -- Catecholamines in planaria / Antonio Carolei, Irene Ciancarelli, Giorgio Venturini -- Opioids in planaria / Antonio Carolei, Marco Colasanti, Giorgio Venturini -- Nitric oxide in lower invertebrates / Marco Colasanti and Giorgio Venturini -- Second messenger systems in planaria / Scott M. Rawls -- Planaria as model in drug abuse research / Robert B. Raffa -- Physical dependence and withdrawal in planarians / Robert B. Raffa -- Drug combinations and isoboles / Ronald J. Tallarida -- Analysis of behavior in the planarian model / Cindy L. Nicolas, Charles I. Abramson, Michael Levin -- The planarian regeneration model as a context for the study of drug effects and mechanisms / Nøstor J. Oviedo and Michael Levin.
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The study of drug action has benefitted greatly from the development and use of in vivo model systems. In model systems, manipulations and observations can be more rigorously controlled and screens of novel therapeutic agents can be more safely conducted. No single model system provides all of the possible advantages. At one end, mammalian models allow the study of complex behavioral patterns and the most complex of cognitive functioning. At the other end, models using simple organisms such as C. elegans allow the application of the most sophisticated and recent molecular biology and other inn.