US military expenditures to protect the use of Persian Gulf oil for motor vehicles
[Article]
Delucchi, Mark; Murphy, James
Analyses of the full social cost of motor vehicle use in the US often estimate an "oil import premium" that includes the military cost of defending oil supplies from the Persian Gulf. Estimates of this cost have ranged from essentially zero to upwards of a
3 billion per year (in 2004 dollars), of which roughly