Acknowledgements; Table of Conventions, Treaties and International Instruments; Table of National Legislation; Table of Cases; Introduction; 1. The Crime of Punishment: Reassessing Classical Penal Theory; 2. The Gods that Failed: Positivist Criminology and the Legacy of the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission; 3. Retributivism in the Age of Human Rights; 4. Punishment and the Origins of International Human Rights Law: An Uncensored Account; 5. The Untold Story of the Howard League's Campaign for an International Prisoners' Convention; 6. The Great Force of History: Development of the Global Human Rights Regime; 7. The Evolution and Interpretation of Human Rights Norms and Penal Aims: A New Standard of Civilization?; Conclusion; Bibliography